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The Balance-of-Payments Crisis and Adjustment Programmes in Central America
1/1 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-09
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
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The 27 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedSee Table I in Bulmer-Thomas, V., ‘World Recession and Central American Depression — Lessons from the 1930s for the 1980s’, in E. Durán, Latin America in the World Depression (Cambridge: CUP, 1985).
no DOI — not checkedThis point is made very clearly in Bird, G., ‘Balance of Payments Policy’, in T. Killick (ed.) The Quest for Economic Stabilisation (London: Heinemann, 1984).
no DOI — not checkedThe programme is described in Ministerio de Hacienda, ‘La Reforma Financiera en Costa Rica’, Banco Central de Costa Rica: Serie ‘Comentarios Sobre Asuntos Económicos’, no. 37, 1980.
no DOI — not checkedIt is discussed more critically in Rivera Urrutia, E., El Fondo Monetario Internacional y Costa Rica, 1978–82 (San José: Colección Centroamérica, 1982).
no DOI — not checkedSee Table III in Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1985), ‘World Recession’.
no DOI — not checkedFor the former, see Siri, G. and Raul Dominguez, L., ‘Central American Accommodation to External Disruptions’, in W. Cline (ed.) World Inflation and the Developing Countries (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1981)
no DOI — not checkedfor the latter, see Bulmer-Thomas, V., ‘A Model of Inflation for Central America’, Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics, November 1977
no DOI — not checkedFor a similar argument, see Tseng, W., ‘The Effects of Adjustment’, Finance and Development, December 1984.
no DOI — not checkedThe charge that the agreement was politically motivated has been made by several observers; see, for example, Arias Penate, S., El FMI y la Política Contrainsurgente en El Salvador, Cuadernos de Pensamiento Propio (Managua: INIES, 1983).
no DOI — not checkedThere is a good description of the scheme in Carlos H. González A., ‘Experiencia de Guatemala con el Proceso de Ajuste en 1982–3’, in Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, Boletín, vol. XXX, no. 3, May–June 1984, pp. 157–65.
no DOI — not checkedSee Feinberg, R. and Newfarmer, R., ‘The CBI: Bold Plan or Empty Promise?’, in R. Newfarmer (ed.) From Gunboats to Diplomacy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1984).
no DOI — not checkedSee Crawford, M., ‘Third World Debt is Here to Stay’, Lloyds Bank Review, January 1985.
no DOI — not checkedSee Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Informe Económico — Nicaragua, October 1974, Table 12.
no DOI — not checkedSee Austin, J., Fox, J. and Kruger, W., ‘The Role of the Revolutionary State in the Nicaraguan Food System’, World Development, January 1985, pp. 15–40.
no DOI — not checkedSee Stahler-Sholk, R., ‘Debt and Stabilization in Revolutionary Nicaragua’, paper presented at XII Conference of the Latin American Studies Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 1985.
no DOI — not checkedSee IMF, International Financial Statistics, July 1985.
no DOI — not checkedSee Inforpress, Centroamericana, no. 643, 6 June 1985, p. 13.
no DOI — not checkedSee Inforpress, Centroamericana, no. 649, 18 July 1985, p. 8.
no DOI — not checkedSee Inforpress, Centroamericana, no. 650, 25 July 1985, p. 3.
no DOI — not checkedSee Inforpress, Centroamericana, no. 647, 4 July 1985, p. 2.
no DOI — not checkedSee Inforpress, Centroamericana, no. 642, 30 May 1985, p. 6.
no DOI — not checkedSee PREALC, Producción de Alimentos Básicos y Empleo en el Istmo Centroamericano, Santiago, August 1983, Table 5.
no DOI — not checkedSee Bulmer-Thomas, V., ‘Central America in the Inter-War Years’, in R. Thorp (ed.) Latin America in the 1930s: the Periphery in World Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1984).
no DOI — not checkedSee CBI, Business Bulletin, June 1985, p. 2.
no DOI — not checkedAlthough the ratio of tax revenue to GDP is the lowest in Latin America outside Haiti, cuts in public expenditure have prevented an explosion in the PSBR which fell by 47 per cent between 1981 and 1984 (see Inforpress, Centroamericana, no. 646, 27 June 1985, p. 2).
no DOI — not checkedSee, for example, many of the articles in G. Irving and X. Gorostiaga (eds) Towards an Alternative for Central America and the Caribbean (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985).
no DOI — not checkedIncluding Nicaragua; a list of socialist country loans/grants to Nicaragua can be found in Acciaris, R., ‘Nicaragua — Pays Socialistes; vers la consolidation des liens économiques?’, Problèmes d’Amérique Latine, no. 74, 1984. Mexico has also been a very important creditor.
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