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Detecting Hate Speech on Twitter Using a Convolution-GRU Based Deep Neural Network
19/19 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-25
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
10 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 19 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1002/poi3.85
Cyber Hate Speech on Twitter: An Application of Machine Classification and Statistical Modeling for Policy and Decision Making
resolves10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14955
Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language
resolves10.1145/2362394.2362400
Common Sense Reasoning for Detection, Prevention, and Mitigation of Cyberbullying
resolves10.3390/s16010115
Deep Convolutional and LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Multimodal Wearable Activity Recognition
resolves10.18653/v1/W17-3006
One-step and Two-step Classification for Abusive Language Detection on Twitter
resolves10.1016/j.neucom.2016.12.088
An analysis of Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks for gesture recognition
resolves10.18653/v1/W16-5618
Are You a Racist or Am I Seeing Things? Annotator Influence on Hate
Speech Detection on Twitter
resolves10.18653/v1/N16-2013
Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter
resolves10.1145/2396761.2398556
Detecting offensive tweets via topical feature discovery over a large scale twitter corpus
resolves10.24963/ijcai.2017/552
A Group-Based Personalized Model for Image Privacy Classification and Labeling
The 10 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedBBCNews: Countering hate speech online. http://eeagrants.org/News/2012/. Accessed July 2017
no DOI — not checkedBBCNews: Finsbury park attack: son of hire boss held over Facebook post. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-40347813. Accessed May 2017
no DOI — not checkedChung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling. In: NIPS 2014 Deep Learning and Representation Learning Workshop (2014)
no DOI — not checkedGuardian: Anti-muslim hate crime surges after Manchester and London Bridge attacks. https://www.theguardian.com. Accessed July 2017
no DOI — not checkedGuardian: Zuckerberg on refugee crisis: ‘hate speech has no place on Facebook’. https://www.theguardian.com. Accessed July 2017
no DOI — not checkedKingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference for Learning Representations (2015)
no DOI — not checkedMcCaffrey, J.D.: Why you should use cross-entropy error instead of classification error or mean squared error for neural network classifier training. https://jamesmccaffrey.wordpress.com. Accessed Jan 2018
no DOI — not checkedOkeowo, A.: Hate on the rise after Trump’s election. http://www.newyorker.com/. Accessed July 2017
no DOI — not checkedVigna, F.D., Cimino, A., Dell’Orletta, F., Petrocchi, M., Tesconi, M.: Hate me, hate me not: hate speech detection on Facebook. In: Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Cybersecurity, pp. 86–95 (2017)
no DOI — not checkedWarner, W., Hirschberg, J.: Detecting hate speech on the world wide web. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media, LSM 2012, pp. 19–26. Association for Computational Linguistics (2012)
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