Reference health
Underwater observations of piranhas in western Brazil
31/31 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-14
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a publisher retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
23 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 31 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00961.x
Fish Cleaning Symbiosis: Notes on Juvenile Angelfishes (Pomacanthus, Chaetodontidae) and Comparisons with Other Species
resolves10.1016/S0003-3472(72)80049-6
Attack preferences of the red-bellied piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri)
resolves10.1086/283277
Cleaning Stations as Water Holes, Garbage Dumps, and Sites for the Evolution of Reciprocal Altriusm?
resolves10.2307/1351517
Variable Foraging and Cleaning Behavior by Juvenile Leatherjackets, Oligoplites saurus (Carangidae)
resolves10.2307/1444905
Food Habits and Morphological Changes during Ontogeny in Three Serrasalmin Fish Species of the Venezuelan Floodplains
resolves10.1590/1809-43921982123521
Os argulídeos (Crustacea: Branchiura) da Amazônia Brasileira. Aspectos da ecologia de Dolops discoidalis Bouvier, 1399 e Dolops bidentata Bouvier, 1899.
resolves10.2307/1935604
Competition for Breeding Sites between the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Jiloa, Nicaragua
resolves10.1007/BF00014215
Differential cropping of the caudal fin lobes of prey fishes by the piranha, Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner
resolves10.1007/978-94-009-7296-4_20
The predatory tactics of Caranx melampygus and the response of its prey
resolves10.2307/2806383
Preliminary Study of Some Vegetation Types of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil
resolves10.1163/002829684X00137
The Feeding Behaviour of a Cleaner and Scale, Skin and Fin Eater From Lake Malawi (Docimodus Evelynae; Pisces, Cichlidae)
resolves10.1080/02541858.1983.11447831
A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi
resolves10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04926.x
Similarities in feeding behaviour between some marine and freshwater fishes in two tropical communities
resolves10.1007/BF00002027
Scavenging on human corpses as a source for stories about man-eating piranhas
resolves10.1007/BF00005154
Use of water hyacinths as shelter, foraging place, and transport by young piranhas, Serrasalmus spilopleura
resolves10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb04664.x
Observations on the dental anatomy of piranhas (Characidae) with special reference to tooth structure
resolves10.1016/0003-3472(75)90080-9
Cleaning behaviour in the centrarchid fishes, Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides
resolves10.1007/BF00004815
Ontogenetic diet shifts and resource partitioning among piscivorous fishes in the Venezuelan ilanos
resolves10.2307/1446432
Caudal Eyespots as Deterrents against Fin Predation in the Neoptropical Cichlid Astronotus ocellatus
The 23 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedChinery, M. 1979. Killers of the wild. Salamander Books Ltd., London. 224 pp.
no DOI — not checkedDeMartini, E.E. & J.A. Coyer. 1981. Cleaning and scale-eating in juveniles of the kyphosid fishes,Hermosilla azurea andGirella nigricans. Copeia 1981: 785?789.
no DOI — not checkedDozier, T.A. 1976. Dangerous sea creatures. Time-Life Films, Inc. and Vineyard Books, Inc. (no place). 128 pp.
no DOI — not checkedEdmunds, M. 1974. Defence in animals: a survey of anti-predator defences. Longman, Harlow. 357 pp.
no DOI — not checkedEndler, J.A. 1986. Defense against predators. pp. 109?134.In: M.E. Feder & G.V. Lauder (ed.) Predator-Prey Relationships: Perspectives and Approaches From the Study of Lower Vertebrates, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
no DOI — not checkedFink, W.L. 1988. Evolutionary biology of piranhas. pp. 13?14.In: G.H. Dalrymple, W.F. Loftus & F.S. Bernardino, Jr. (ed.) Wildlife in the Everglades and Latin America wetlands, Proc. 1st. Everglades Nat. Park Symp., Fl. Int. Univ., Miami.
no DOI — not checkedHelfman, G.S. 1986. Behavioral responses of prey fish during predator-prey interactions. 135?156.In: M.E. Feder & G.V. Lauder (ed.) Predator-Prey Relationships: Perspectives and Approaches from the Study of Lower Vertebrates, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
no DOI — not checkedHobson, E.S. 1971. Cleaning symbiosis among California inshore fishes. U.S. Fish. Bull. 69: 491?523.
no DOI — not checkedLehner, P.N. 1979. Handbook of ethological methods. Garland STPM Press, New York. 403 pp.
no DOI — not checkedLeviton, A.E., R.H. Gibbs, Jr., E. Heal & C.E. Dawson. 1985. Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia 1985: 802?832.
no DOI — not checkedLosey, G.S., Jr. 1971. Communication between fishes in cleaning symbiosis. pp. 45?76.In: T.C. Cheng (ed.) Aspects of the Biology of Symbiosis, University Park Press, Baltimore.
no DOI — not checkedLosey G.S., Jr. 1978. The symbiotic behavior of fishes. pp. 1?31.In: D.I. Mostofsky (ed.) The Behavior of Fish and Other Aquatic Animals, Academic Press, New York.
no DOI — not checkedMarkl, H. 1972. Aggression und Beuteverhalten bei Piranhas (Serrasalminae, Characidae). Z. Tierpsychol. 30: 190?216.
no DOI — not checkedMenezes, N.A. 1988. Aquatic life in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil, with special reference to fishes. p. 12.In: G.H. Darlymple, W.F. Loftus & F.S. Bernardino, Jr. (ed.) Wildlife in the Everglades and Latin American Wetlands, Proc. 1st. Everglades Nat. Park Symp., Fl. Int. Univ., Miami.
no DOI — not checkedMigdalsky, E.C. & G.S. Fichter. 1976. The fresh and saltwater fishes of the world. Greenwich House, New York. 315 pp.
no DOI — not checkedMyers, G.S. (ed.) 1972. The piranha book. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, 128 pp.
no DOI — not checkedNico, L.G. & D.C. Taphorn. 1986. Those bitin' fish from South America. Trop. Fish. Hobb. 34: 24?27, 30?34, 36, 40?41, 56?57.
no DOI — not checkedNorthcote, T.G., M.S. Archifa & O. Froehlich. 1987. Fin-feeding by the piranha (Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner): the cropping of a novel renewable resource. Proc. 5th Congr. Europ. Ichthyol., Stockholm 1985: 133?143.
no DOI — not checkedSale, P.E. 1980. The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 18: 367?421.
no DOI — not checkedSazima, I. 1988. Territorial behaviour in a scale-eating and a herbivorous neotropical characiform fish. Revta. bras. Biol. 48: 189?194.
no DOI — not checkedSazima, I. & J.P. Pombal, Jr. 1988. Fin-clipping by the piranha,Serrasalmus spilopleura, on the Brazilian eartheater,Geophagus brasiliensis. Revta. bras. Biol. 48: 477?483. (In Portuguese).
no DOI — not checkedSire, J. 1982. Régénération des écailles d' un cichlidé,Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill) (Téléostéen, Perciforme). I. Morphogenèse, structure et minéralisation. Ann. Scien. Natur. Zool. 4: 153?169.
no DOI — not checkedSuckdorff, A. 1985. Pantanal, a lost paradise? Ed. Rio Gráfica & Ed. Siciliano, Rio de Janeiro. 160 pp. (In Portuguese).
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