Reference health
Wolf pack spacing: Howling as a territory-independent spacing mechanism in a territorial population
16/16 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-22
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
18 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 16 checked references that resolve
resolves10.2307/1380004
Productivity, Mortality, and Population Trends of Wolves in Northeastern Minnesota
resolves10.1016/B978-0-08-024928-5.50012-9
Making the Most of Radio Tracking—A Summary of Wolf Studies in Northeastern Minnesota
resolves10.2307/1379121
Distribution and Densities of Wolves within Barren-Ground Caribou Range in Northern Mainland Canada
resolves10.1038/255056a0
Experimental playbacks show vocal mediation of intergroup avoidance in a forest monkey
resolves10.1163/156853977X00270
Individual Recognition, Intragroup Cohesion and Intergroup Spacing: Evidence From Sound Playback To Forest Monkeys
resolves10.1016/0003-3472(73)90004-3
Territoriality and Non-Random Mating in Sage Grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus
The 18 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedBallenberghe V Van, Erickson AW, Byman D (1975) Ecology of the timber wolf in northeastern Minnesota. Wildl Monogr 43: 1?43
no DOI — not checkedBrown JL (1964) The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems. Wilson Bull 6: 160?169
no DOI — not checkedFritts SH, Mech LD (1981) Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology of a newly protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota. Wildl Monogr 80: 1?79
no DOI — not checkedHaber GC (1977) Socio-ecological dynamics of wolves and prey in a subarctic ecosystem. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
no DOI — not checkedHarrington FH (1975) Response parameters of elicited wolf howling. PhD Dissertation. State University of New York, Stony Brook
no DOI — not checkedHarrington FH, Mech LD (1982c) Patterns of homesite use in two Minnesota wolf packs. In: Harrington FH, Paquet PC (eds) Wolves of the world: Perspectives of behavior, ecology, and conservation. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge (New Jersey), pp 81?105
no DOI — not checkedMech LD (1970) The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. Doubleday, New York
no DOI — not checkedMech LD (1973) Wolf numbers in the Superior National Forest of Minnesota. USDA For Serv Res Pap NC-97, St. Paul (Minnesota), pp 1?10
no DOI — not checkedMech LD (1974) Current techniques in the study of elusive wilderness carnivores. Proc XIth Int Congr Game Biol 11: 315?322
no DOI — not checkedMech LD (1977a) Population trend and winter deer consumption in a Minnesota wolf pack. In: Phillips J, Jonkel C (eds) Proceedings of the 1975 predator symposium. University of Montana. Missoula, pp 55?83
no DOI — not checkedMech LD, Karns PD (1977) Role of the wolf in a deer decline in the Superior National Forest. USDA For Serv Res Pap NC-148, St. Paul (Minnesota), pp 1?23
no DOI — not checkedMurie A (1944) The wolves of Mount McKinley, US Nat Park Serv Fauna Ser 5, Washington, DC, pp 1?238
no DOI — not checkedPeters RP, Mech LD (1975) Scent-marking in wolves. Am Sci 63: 628?637
no DOI — not checkedPimlott DH (1960) The use of tape-recorded wolf howls to locate timber wolves. 22nd Midwest Wildl Congr, pp 1?15 (mimeo)
no DOI — not checkedStephenson RO, James D (1982) Wolf movements and food habits in northwest Alaska. In: Harrington FH, Paquet PC (eds) Wolves of the world: Perspectives of behavior, ecology, and conservation. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge (New Jersey), pp 26?42
no DOI — not checkedVoigt DR (1973) Summer food habits and movements of wolves (Canis lupus L.) in central Ontario. MS thesis, University of Guelph
no DOI — not checkedWaser PM, Wiley RH (1979) Mechanisms and evolution of spacing in animals. In: Marler P, Vandenbergh JG (eds) Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol 3. Plenum, New York, pp 159?223
no DOI — not checkedWeise TF, Robinson WL, Hook RA, Mech LD (1975) An experimental translocation of the eastern timber wolf. Audubon Cons Rept 5: 1?28
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