Reference health
Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
37/37 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-11
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
27 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 37 checked references that resolve
resolves10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0387
Efficacy of nicotine chewing gum in facilitating smoking cessation
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(86)90059-6
Behavioral and pharmacological treatment of cigarette smoking: End of treatment comparisons
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(78)90024-2
Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment
resolves10.1007/BF00846161
A comparison of psychological and pharmacological treatment in smoking cessation
resolves10.1007/BF00431941
Effects of a nicotine-enriched cigarette on nicotine titration, daily cigarette consumption, and levels of carbon monoxide, cotinine, and nicotine
resolves10.1016/0091-7435(84)90020-3
Effects of nicotine chewing gum and follow-up appointments in physician-based smoking cessation
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(81)90048-4
Compensation and effective smoking by different nicotine dependent smokers
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(88)90038-X
Nicotine gum and self-help manuals in smoking cessation: an evaluation in a medical context
resolves10.1037/h0034555
The experience of affect as a determinant of smoking behavior: A series of validity studies.
resolves10.3109/10826086909062040
A Scale to Differentiate between Types of Smoking as Related to the Management of Affect
resolves10.1176/ajp.141.6.790
Degree of addiction and effectiveness of nicotine gum therapy for smoking
resolves10.1016/0022-3999(87)90073-0
A double blind study of 2 mg versus 4 mg nicotine-gum in an industrial setting
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(86)90024-9
Some methodological cautions in the use of the tolerance questionnaire
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(88)90030-5
Failure to support the validity of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire as a measure of physiological tolerance to nicotine
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(85)90016-4
Nicotine tolerance questionnaire scores and plasma nicotine: No correlation
resolves10.1016/0091-3057(83)90055-2
Nocotine dependence in cigarette smoking: An empirically-based, multivariate model
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(90)90009-M
Relationship between nicotine tolerance questionnaire scores and plasma cotinine
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(84)90052-2
Nicotine vs. placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(83)90020-5
Nicotine gum in smoking cessation: A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
resolves10.1056/NEJM198801073180104
Effect of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Combination with Group Counseling on the Cessation of Smoking
resolves10.1016/0306-4603(88)90021-4
Two and four mg nicotine chewing gum and group counselling in smoking cessation: An open, randomized, controlled trial with a 22 month follow-up
resolves10.1007/BF00427761
Effects of scopolamine and nicotine on human rapid information processing performance
resolves10.1007/BF00432717
Pre-abstinence smoke intake and smoking motivation as predictors of severity of cigarette withdrawal symptoms
resolves10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00265.x
Effect of Nicotine Replacement on the Cigarette Withdrawal Syndrome
resolves10.1007/BF00496068
Different cigarette-smoker classification factors and subjective state in acute abstinence
The 27 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedAreechon, W. (1987). Smoking cessation with nicotine chewing gum. Presented at the 6th World Conference on Smoking and Health, November 9?11, Tokyo.
no DOI — not checkedBlondal, T. (1987). Smoking and chewing gum. Presented at the 6th World Conference on Smoking and Health, November 9?11, Tokyo.
no DOI — not checkedEdman, B., Elfverson, M. L., Fagerlund, I., and Hallin, L. Kort och lang behandlingstid med Nicorette, Unpublished report.
no DOI — not checkedFagerstrom, K.-O. (1980). Physical dependence on nicotine as a determinant of success in smoking cessation.World Smoking Health 5: 22?23.
no DOI — not checkedFagerstrom, K.-O. (1988). Efficacy of nicotine chewing gum: A review. In Pomerleau, O., and Pomerleau, C. (eds.),Nicotine Replacement: A Critical Evaluation, A. R. Liss, New York.
no DOI — not checkedGunn, R. C. (1984). Predicting withdrawal symptoms in smokers attending cessation clinics. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Meeting.
no DOI — not checkedHall, S. M., and Killen, J. D. (1985). Psychological and pharmacological approaches to smoking replase prevention. In Grabowski, J., and Hall, S. M. (eds.),Pharmacological Adjuncts in Smoking Cessation, NIDA Research Monograph 53 (pp. 131?143). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
no DOI — not checkedHenningfield, J. E. (1984). Pharmacological basis and treatment of cigarette smoking.J. Clin. Psychiat. 45: 24?34.
no DOI — not checkedHenningfield, J. E., London, E. D., and Jaffe, J. H. (1987). Nicotine reward: Studies of abuse liability and physical dependence potential. In Engel, J., and Oreland, R. (eds.),Brain Reward Systems and Abuse, Raven Press, New York.
no DOI — not checkedHughes, J. R. (1984). Identification of the dependent smoker: Validity and clinical utility.Behav. Med. Abstr. 5: 202?204.
no DOI — not checkedHughes, J. R., and Hatsukami, D. K. (1985). Short-term effects of nicotine gum. In Grabowski, J., and Hall, S. M. (eds.),Pharmacological Adjuncts in Smoking Cessation.NIDA Research Monograph 53, Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
no DOI — not checkedJerome, A., Bigelow, G. E., Burling, T. A., Baile, W. F., and Gottlieb, S. (1984). In-hospital predictors of post-hospital smoking outcomes following myocardial infarction.Behav. Med. Update Annu. Meet. Addend. 2: 33?35.
no DOI — not checkedLowenthal, H., and Davies, N. (1976). Pleasure, addiction and habit: Factors in verbal report of factors in smoking behavior.J. Abnorm. Psychol. 83: 478?488.
no DOI — not checkedMcIntyre, K.-O. (1981).Predicting Abstinence from Smoking Using Measures of Self-Efficacy and Physical Dependence, Thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
no DOI — not checkedMelin, B. (1984). Effekter av tva olika administrationstider av nikotintuggummi vid rokavvanjning. Report from the Institute of Applied Psychology, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
no DOI — not checkedNordenskjold, E. (1983). Smoking cessation with nicotine chewing gum. Reported at the 5th World Conference on Smoking & Health, Winnipeg, Canada.
no DOI — not checkedOpinion Research Corporation (1988).Nicorette and Smokers' Dependence, ORC, Princeton, N.J.
no DOI — not checkedPomerleau, O. F., and Pomerleau, C. S. (1988).Nicotine Replacement: A Critical Evaluation, Alan R. Liss, New York.
no DOI — not checkedSchneider, N. G. (1986). Use of 2 mg and 4 mg nicotine gum in an individual treatment trial. In Ockene, J. K. (ed.),Pharmacological Treatment of Tobacco Dependence: Proceedings of the World Congress, Institute for the Study of Smoking Behavior and Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
no DOI — not checkedSchwartz, J. L. (1987).Review and Evaluation of Smoking Cessation Methods: The United States and Canada, 1978?1985, National Institutes of Health Publication No. 87-2940, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
no DOI — not checkedShifiman, S. (in press). ?Clippers?: Individual differences in tobacco dependence.Psychopharmacology (in press).
no DOI — not checkedStitzer, M. L., and Gross, J. (1988). Smoking replase: The role of pharmacological and behavioral factors: In Pomerleau, O. F., and Pomerleau, C. S. (eds.),Nicotine Replacement: A Critical Evaluation, Alan R. Liss, New York.
no DOI — not checkedSurgeon General (1987).Surgeon General's Report 1987: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Md.
no DOI — not checkedTomkins, S. (1966). Psychological model for smoking behavior.Am. J. Pub. Health. 56: 217?220.
no DOI — not checkedTonnesen, P. (1988). Dose and nicotine dependence as determinants of nicotine gum efficacy. In Pomerleau, O. F., and Pomerleau, C. S. (eds.),Nicotine Replacement: A Critical Evaluation, Alan R. Liss, New York.
no DOI — not checkedVanbrabant, J. (1985).Smoking Cessation with General Practitioners with Nicotine Chewing Gum, Report, Union Chimique Belge, Brussels.
no DOI — not checkedWest, R. J. (1988). Nicotine: A dependence-producing substance. In Pomerleau, O. F., and Pomerleau, C. S. (eds.),Nicotine Replacement: A Critical Evaluation, Alan R. Liss, New York.
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