Reference health
Floral divergence and convergence in the genusPelargonium (Geraniaceae) in southern Africa: Ecological and evolutionary considerations
1 of 34 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-08
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
38 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1111/j.1095-8312.1994.tb01003.x
The 33 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1007/BF00989382
Untersuchungen zur Karyologie und Mikrosporogenese vonPelargonium sect.Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30556-1
A biosystematic study of Pelargonium section Ligularia: 2. Reappraisal of section Chorisma
resolves10.2307/2399833
Pollination Biology of Lapeirousia Subgenus Lapeirousia (Iridaceae) in Southern Africa; Floral Divergence and Adaptation for Long-Tongued Fly Pollination
resolves10.1080/00222938800770011
Bee flies and bluets:<i>Bombylius</i>(Diptera: Bombyliidae) flower-constant on the distylous species,<i>Hedyotis caerulea</i>(Rubiaceae), and the manner of foraging
resolves10.1111/j.1756-1051.1995.tb00128.x
Observations of hawkmoth pollination in the South African orchid Disa cooperi
resolves10.1007/978-94-011-0908-6_13
Red flowers and butterfly pollination in the fynbos of South Africa
resolves10.1007/BF00989293
Long-proboscid fly pollination of two orchids in the Cape Drakensberg mountains, South Africa
resolves10.1080/0028825X.1986.10409725
The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms I. Dichogamy
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30479-8
Taxonomy of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): the section Polyactium. 1. Circumscription and intrasectional classification
resolves10.2307/2399969
The Prosoeca peringueyi (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) Pollination Guild in Southern Africa: Long-Tongued Flies and Their Tubular Flowers
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30826-2
Observations on the pollination of Pelargonium tricolor, section Campylia (Geraniaceae)
resolves10.1007/BF00985911
Floral biology and pollination in stapeliads ? new results and a literature review
resolves10.2307/2399852
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Geraniaceae and Geraniales from rbcL Sequence Comparisons
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31657-X
Pollination syndromes of Erica species in the south-western Cape
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31056-0
Taxonomic revision of Pelargonium section Jenkinsonia (Geraniaceae) in southern Africa
resolves10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090642
Notes on the Fertilisation of South African and Madagascar Flowering Plants
resolves10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80020-5
Flowers and their insect visitors in the arid winter rainfall region of southern Africa: Observations on permanent plots. Composition of the anthophilous insect fauna
resolves10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80021-7
Flowers and their insect visitors in the arid winter rainfall region of southern Africa: observations on permanent plots. Insect visitation behaviour
resolves10.4102/abc.v15i3/4.1828
A taxonomic revision of the type section of <i>Pelargonium</i> L’Hérit. (Geraniaceae)
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31345-X
A taxonomic revision of Pelargonium section Campylia (Geraniaceae)
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31043-2
A new species of Pelargonium with notes on its ecology and pollination biology
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31023-7
The transfer of Erodium incarnatum to the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)
resolves10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30555-X
A biosystematic study of Pelargonium section Ligularia: 1. A new section Subsucculentia
The 38 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedBowden, R. N., 1978:Diptera. ? InWerger, M. J. A., (Ed.): Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa, pp. 774?796. ? The Hague: Junk.
no DOI — not checkedCottrell, C. B., 1985: The absence of coevolutionary associations with Cape floral elements in the larval/plant relationship of southwestern Cape butterflies. ? InVrba, E. S., (Ed.): Species and speciation. ? Transvaal Mus. Monogr.4: 155?224.
no DOI — not checkedDarwin, C., 1862: On the various countrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilized by insects. ? London: Murray.
no DOI — not checkedDelpino, F., 1873/1874: Ulteriori osservazioni sulla dicogamia nel regno vegetale. ? Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.16/17: 262; 274?275.
no DOI — not checkedFaegri, K., Van der Pijl, L., 1979: The principles of pollination ecology. 3rd edn. ? Oxford: Pergamon Press.
no DOI — not checkedGess, S. K., Gess, F. W., 1989: Flower visiting by masarid wasps in Southern Africa (Hymenoptera:Vespoidea:Masaridae). ? Ann. Cape. Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist.18: 95?134.
no DOI — not checked?, 1993: Effects of increasing land utilization on species representation and diversity of aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid areas of southern Africa. ? InLasalle, J., Gauld, I. D., (Eds):Hymenoptera and biodiversity, pp. 83?113. ? Wallingford: CAB International.
no DOI — not checkedGiliomee, J. H., 1986: Hunting for insect pollinators on fynbos flowers. ? Veld Fl. (1975+)72: 6?7.
no DOI — not checkedGrant, V., Grant, K. A., 1965: Flower pollination in thePhlox family. ? New York: Columbia University Press.
no DOI — not checkedHaeseler, V., 1982: Zur Bionomie der K�stend�nen bewohnenden BieneOsmia maritima Friese (Hymenoptera:Apoidea:Megachilidae). ? Zool. Jahrb. Syst.109: 117?144.
no DOI — not checkedJapp, G., 1909: Ueber die morphologische Wertigkeit des Nektariums der Bl�ten desPelargonium zonale. ? Verh. Naturf. Vereins Br�nn47: 201?215.
no DOI — not checkedJohnson, S. D., 1992: Plant animal relationships. ? InCowling, R., (Ed.): The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity, pp. 175?205. ? Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
no DOI — not checked?Midgley, J., 1997: Fly pollination and the adaptive significance of dark spots on the capitulum ofGorteria diffusa (Asteraceae). ? Evolution (in press).
no DOI — not checked? - 1997: Long-tongued fly pollination and divergence in the spur length ofDisa draconis. ? Evolution (in press).
no DOI — not checkedKearns, C. A., Inouye, D. W., 1993: Techniques for pollination biologists. ? Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
no DOI — not checkedKevan, P. G., 1983: Floral colors through the insect eye: what they are and what they mean. ? InJones, C. E., Little, R. J., (Eds): Handbook of experimental pollination biology, pp. 3?30. ? New York: Van Nostrand Reinold.
no DOI — not checkedKnuth, P., 1898: Handbuch der Bl�tenbiologie.2,1. ? Leipzig: Engelmann.
no DOI — not checked?, 1904: Handbuch der Bl�tenbiologie.3,1. ? Leipzig: Engelmann.
no DOI — not checkedKnuth, R., 1912:Geraniaceae. Best�ubung. ? InEngler, A., (Ed.): Das Pflanzenreich,4/129, pp. 18?22. ? Leipzig: Engelmann.
no DOI — not checkedKugler, H., 1970: Bl�ten�kologie. 2nd edn. ? Stuttgart: G. Fischer.
no DOI — not checkedMaggs, G. L., 1987: Taxonomic studies in the sectionPolyactium ofPelargonium (Geraniaceae). ? M. Sc. Thesis, University of Stellenbosch (unpubl.).
no DOI — not checkedManning, J. C., Goldblatt, P., 1995: Cupid comes in many guises. The not-so-humble fly and a pollination guild in the Overberg. ? Veld. Fl. (1975+)81: 50?53.
no DOI — not checkedMarais, E. M., 1981: Die taksonomiese waarde van die blom vanPelargonium (Geraniaceae). ? M. Sc. Thesis, University of Stellenbosch (unpubl.).
no DOI — not checked? 1994: Taxonomic studies inPelargonium, sectionHoarea (Geraniaceae). ? Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stellenbosch (unpubl.).
no DOI — not checkedMarloth, R., 1908a: Some observations on entomophilous flowers. ? S. African J. Sci.4: 110?113.
no DOI — not checked?, 1908b: Das Kapland. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition2: ? Jena: G. Fischer.
no DOI — not checked?, 1925: The Flora of South Africa.2. ? Cape Town: Darter Bros.
no DOI — not checkedMcDonald, D. J., Powrie, F. J., 1992:Pelargonium tricolor. A colourful candidate for cultivation. ? Veld Fl. (1975+)78: 68?71.
no DOI — not checkedMenzel, R., 1990: Color vision in flower visiting insects. ? J�lich: Forschungszentrum J�lich GmbH, Internationales B�ro.
no DOI — not checkedMeve, U., 1995: Autogamie beiPelargonium-Wildarten. ? Palmengarten59: 100?108.
no DOI — not checkedOlesen, J. M., 1992: How do plants reproduce on their range margin? ? InThanos, C. A., (Ed.): Plant-animal interactions in mediterranean-type ecosystems. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems, pp. 117?122. ? Athens.
no DOI — not checkedPringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A., Ball, J. B., (Eds), 1994: Pennington's butterflies of Southern Africa. 2nd edn. ? Winchester: Struik.
no DOI — not checkedSchmitz, B., 1993: Zur Bl�tenbiologie der GattungPelargonium (Geraniaceae). Eine Bestandsaufnahme und eigene Beobachtungen. ? First State Examination Thesis, University of M�nster (unpubl.).
no DOI — not checkedStruck, M., 1990: Vergleichende ph�nologische und bl�tenbiologische Studien an Daueruntersuchungsfl�chen im ariden Winterregengebiet des s�dlichen Afrika. ? Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hamburg.
no DOI — not checked?, 1988: Pelargoniums of southern Africa,3. ? Kirstenbosch: National Botanic Gardens.
no DOI — not checked? - - -Hellbr�ge, D., Price, R. A., 1997: A biosystematic study ofPelargonium sectionLigularia: 2. Reappraisal of sectionJenkinsonia. ? S. African J. Bot. (in press).
no DOI — not checkedVogel, S., 1954: Bl�tenbiologische Typen als Elemente der Sippengliederung. ? Bot. Stud.1: 1?338.
no DOI — not checkedWhitehead, V. B., Giliomee, J. H., Rebelo, A. G., 1987: Insect pollination in the Cape flora. ? InRebelo, A. G., (Ed.): A preliminary synthesis of pollination biology in the Cape flora. ? South African National Scientific Programmes Report141: 52?82.
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