Reference health
The formation of tropical cyclones
50/50 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-11
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
21 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 50 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<0104:MCVGBM>2.0.CO;2
Midlevel Cyclonic Vortices Generated by Mesoseale Convective Systems
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1979:TSFIAB>2.0.CO;2
Tropical Storm Formation in a Baroclinic Environment
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1603:EOEFOA>2.0.CO;2
Effects of Eddy Fluxes of Angular Momentum on Model Hurricane Development
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2401:ANSOTG>2.0.CO;2
A Numerical Study of the Genesis of Extratropical Convective Mesovortices. Part I: Evolution and Dynamics
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0420:TCIAAF>2.0.CO;2
Tropical Cyclone Intensity Analysis and Forecasting from Satellite Imagery
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2
An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State Maintenance
resolves10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0009:CDMWSA>2.0.CO;2
Convectively Driven Mesoscale Weather Systems Aloft. Part I: Observations
resolves10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0020:CDMWSA>2.0.CO;2
Convectively Driven Mesoscale Weather Systems Aloft. Part II: Numerical Simulations
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0669:GVOTOO>2.0.CO;2
GLOBAL VIEW OF THE ORIGIN OF TROPICAL DISTURBANCES AND STORMS
resolves10.1175/1520-0434(1994)009<0103:PABSTC>2.0.CO;2
Predicting Atlantic Basin Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity by 1 June
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1559:NROAVT>2.0.CO;2
Nonlinear Response of Atmospheric Vortices to Heating by Organized Cumulus Convection
resolves10.2307/4115925
Japanese Sculpture in Transition: An Eighth-Century Example from the Todai-ji Buddhist Sculpture Workshop
resolves10.1002/qj.49711548702
Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large‐scale heating
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0964:RCOTCO>2.0.CO;2
Radar Characteristics of Tropical Convection Observed During GATE: Mean Properties and Trends Over the Summer Season
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<2580:OAOTCI>2.0.CO;2
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific. Part I: Structural Evolution of Cloud Clusters
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<2599:OAOTCI>2.0.CO;2
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific. Part II: Budget Analysis
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1499:CEIDTC>2.0.CO;2
Cross-Equatorial Interactions during Tropical Cyclogenesis
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1398:CCASOT>2.0.CO;2
Cloud Clusters and Superclusters over the Oceanic Warm Pool
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1807:DDPIWP>2.0.CO;2
Diabatic Divergence Profiles in Western Pacific Mesoscale Convective Systems
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1117:OAOTCF>2.0.CO;2
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part I: Basic Description of Data Sets
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1152:OAOTCF>2.0.CO;2
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part III: Budget Analysis
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1132:OAOTCF>2.0.CO;2
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part II: Comparison of Non-Developing versus Developing Systems
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1237:AMCCGI>2.0.CO;2
A Mesoscale Convective Complex-Generated Inertially Stable Warm Core Vortex
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1665:COTUTE>2.0.CO;2
Characteristics of the Upper-Tropospheric Environmental Flow around Hurricanes
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1678:EIOHI>2.0.CO;2
Environmental Influences on Hurricane Intensification
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2978:MCCITW>2.0.CO;2
Mesoscale Convective Complexes in the Western Pacific Region
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1093:EIOHIP>2.0.CO;2
External Influences on Hurricane Intensity. Part I: Outflow Layer Eddy Angular Momentum Fluxes
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1221:APMFPS>2.0.CO;2
A Possible Method for Predicting Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Australian Region
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0003:NSOTLC>2.0.CO;2
Numerical Simulation of the Life Cycle of Tropical Cyclones
resolves10.2151/jmsj1965.60.1_369
Conceptual Evolution of the Theory and Modeling of the Tropical Cyclone
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1051:TROEAI>2.0.CO;2
The Role of Environmental Asymmetries in Atlantic Hurricane Formation
resolves10.3402/tellusa.v2i1.8531
On the Role of the Tropics in the General Circulation of the Atmosphere
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0542:AAITFT>2.0.CO;2
An Air–Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Evolutionary Study Using a Nonhydrostatic Axisymmetric Numerical Model
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<1266:AROTTU>2.0.CO;2
A Role of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough in Early Season Typhoon Development
resolves10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<1137:MSTDAI>2.0.CO;2
Mid-Season Typhoon Development and Intensity Changes and the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1687:ISATCD>2.0.CO;2
Inertial Stability and Tropical Cyclone Development
resolves10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1007:TSFFEW>2.0.CO;2
Tropical Storm Formation from Easterly Waves: A Criterion for Development
resolves10.3402/tellusa.v25i4.9667
Statistical analysis of satellite-observed trade wind cloud clusters in
the western North Pacific
The 21 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedErickson, S. L., Gray, W. M., 1977: Comparison of developing vs. non-developing tropical disturbances. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 274, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 80523, 81 pp.
no DOI — not checkedFrank, W. M., 1987: Tropical cyclone formation (Chapter 3),A global view of tropical cyclones, WMO Bangkok, Thailand textbook, Printed by Dept. of Chicago, 53?90.
no DOI — not checkedGray, W. M., 1975: Tropical cyclone genesis. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 234, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 121 pp.
no DOI — not checkedGray, W. M., 1979: Hurricanes: their formations, structure and likely role in the tropical circulation. Supplement of Meteorology Over the Tropical Oceans. Published by RMS, James Glaisher House, Grenville Place, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG 12 1BX, D. B. Shaw, (ed.), 155?218.
no DOI — not checkedGray, W. M., 1988: Environmental influences on tropical cyclones.Aust. Met. Mag.,36(3), 127?139.
no DOI — not checkedGray, M. W., 1990: Tropical cyclone formation. Proceedings of the Second WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-II), Manila, Philippeans, 27 November to 8 December, 1989.
no DOI — not checkedGrube, P. G., Gray, W. M. 1979: Convection induced temperature temperature change in GATE. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 305, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 128 pp.
no DOI — not checkedHouze, R. A., Jr., 1993:Cloud Dynamics, New Yor, NY: Academic Press.
no DOI — not checkedLee, C.-S., 1986: An observational study of tropical cloud cluster evolution and cyclogenesis in the western north Pacific. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 403, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 250 pp.
no DOI — not checkedLunney, R., Gray, W. M., 1988: Environmental and convective influences on tropical cyclone development versus non-development. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 436, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 105 pp.
no DOI — not checkedMcBride, J. L., 1995: Tropical cyclone formations. Chapter 3 ofGlobal Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones. Being published by WMO, 57 pp.
no DOI — not checkedMcBride, J. L., Gray, W. M., 1980: Mass divergence and vertical velocity in tropical weather systems, Part I: Diurnal variation.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,106, 449, 501?516.
no DOI — not checkedMiddlebrooke, M. G., Gray, W. M., 1988: Investigation of tropical cyclone genesis and development using low-level aircarft flight data. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 429, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO, 94 pp.
no DOI — not checkedNicholls, N., 1992: Recent performance of a method for forecasting Australian seasonal tropical cyclone activity.Austral. Meteor. Mag.,40, 105?110.
no DOI — not checkedPalmen, E., 1956: A review of knowledge on the formation and development of tropical cyclones.Proc. of the Tropical Cyclone Symposium, Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane, Australia, 213?232.
no DOI — not checkedRiehl, H., 1948b: Waves in the easterlies.Misc. Report No.17, Dept. of Met. University of Chicago, 215?229.
no DOI — not checkedRiehl, H., 1954:Tropical Meteorology, New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book. 392 pp.
no DOI — not checkedRiehl, H., Malkus, J. S. 1958: On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone.Geophysica,6, 503?538.
no DOI — not checkedRuprecht, E., Gray, W. M., 1976: Analysis of satelliteobserved tropical clound clusters. Part I: Wind and dynamic fields.Tellus,28, 391?413.
no DOI — not checkedZehr, R. M., 1976: Tropical cyclone intensification. Dept. of Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 259, Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins. CO, 80523, 91 pp.
no DOI — not checkedZehr, R., 1992: Tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific.NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 16, 181 pp (available from NESDIS, Washington. DC or CIRA, Colo. State Univ. Ft. Collins, CO).
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