Reference health
Ex post ≠ ex ante: Determining liability in hindsight.
32/32 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-03
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
20 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 32 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1002/bsl.2370070403
Principles in judgment/decision making research pertinent to legal proceedings
resolves10.1037/0021-9010.66.2.252
Hindsight bias among physicians weighing the likelihood of diagnoses.
resolves10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00394.x
Second‐Guessing the Jury: Stereotypic and Hindsight Biases in Perceptions of Court Cases<sup>1</sup>
resolves10.1017/CBO9780511809477.024
For those condemned to study the past: Heuristics and biases in hindsight
resolves10.1007/BF01352753
An experimental investigation of procedural issues in complex tort trials.
resolves10.1037/0022-006X.46.5.1009
Illusory correlation: A further exploration of Chapman's paradigm.
resolves10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.181
Effects of job experience on supervisor attributions for a subordinate's poor performance.
resolves10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00479.x
The British firemen's strike of 1977/78: An investigation of judgements in foresight and hindsight
resolves10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02401.x
Effects of inadmissible Evidence on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors: A Moral Dilemma
resolves10.1007/BF01044353
Death penalty attitudes and conviction proneness: The translation of attitudes into verdicts.
resolves10.1093/geronj/2.2.169
The United States Public Health Service Baltimore City Hospitals Research Section on Gerontology
resolves10.1002/bsl.2370070406
How and when to correct for juror hindsight bias in mental health malpractice litigation: Some preliminary observations
The 20 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedAmerican Law Institute. (1965).Restatement of torts, second (Vol. 2). St Paul: American Law Institute.
no DOI — not checkedBrown, J. P. (1973). Toward an economic theory of liability. In M. Kuperberg & C. Beitz (Eds.),Law, economics, and philosophy (pp., 185?205). Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld.
no DOI — not checkedCalifornia Business and Professional Code, Sec. 6146 (1993).
no DOI — not checkedCalifornia Fish and Game Code, Sec. 2067 (1993).
no DOI — not checkedCalifornia Food and Agricultural Code. Sec. 12978 (1993).
no DOI — not checkedCalifornia Public Resources Code, Sec. 2806 (1993).
no DOI — not checkedConnolly, T., & Bukszar, E. W. (1990). Hindsight bias: Self flattery or cognitive error?Journal of Behavior Decision Making, 40, 50?68.
no DOI — not checkedDavies, M. F. (1987). Reduction of the hindsight bias by restoration of foresight perspective: Effectiveness of foresight encoding and hindsight-retrieval strategies.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Making, 3, 205?211.
no DOI — not checkedDetmer, D. E., Fryback, D. G., & Gassner, K. (1978). Heuristics and biases in medical decision making.Journal of Medical Education 53, 682?683.
no DOI — not checkedDevitt, E. J., Blackmar, C. B., & Wolf, M. A. (1987).Federaljury practice and instructions: Civil (4th ed.) St. Paul: West.
no DOI — not checkedFischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight ? foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1, 288?299.
no DOI — not checkedFischhoff, B. (1977). Perceived informativeness of facts.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 349?358.
no DOI — not checkedFischhoff, B., Slovic, P. & Lichtenstein, S. (1978). Fault trees: Sensitivity of estimated failure probabilities to problem representation.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 330?344.
no DOI — not checkedGreen, L. (1977). Foreseeability in negligence law. In L. Green (Ed.),The litigation process in tort law: No place to stop in the development of tort law (2nd ed.) (pp. 283?302). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merril.
no DOI — not checkedKeeton, W. P. (1984).Prosser and Keeton on the law of torts (5th ed.). St. Paul: West.
no DOI — not checkedPetition of Kinsman Transit Co., 338 F.2d 708 (2d Cir. 1964).
no DOI — not checkedPosner, R. A. (1992).Economic analysis of law (4th ed.) Boston: Little Brown.
no DOI — not checkedTversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.),Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 335?351). New York: Cambridge University Press.
no DOI — not checkedWiggins, E. C., & Breckler, S. J. (1990). Specials verdicts as guides to jury decision making.Law & Psychology Review, 14, 1?36.
no DOI — not checkedWood, G. (1978). The knew-it-all-along effect.Jounral of Experimental Psyychology: Human Perception and Performance., 4, 345?353.
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