Reference health
Reconsidering the unemployment and crime relationship: Variation by age group and historical period
1 of 39 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-09-03
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
28 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1093/sf/71.4.1001
The 38 checked references that resolve
resolves10.2307/2095665
Youth, Underemployment, and Property Crime: Differential Effects of Job Availability and Job Quality on Juvenile and Young Adult Arrest Rates
resolves10.1111/j.1536-7150.1994.tb02680.x
Crime and Unemployment Among Youths in the United States, 1958‐1990
resolves10.2307/2095542
Unemployment and Crime Rates in the Post-World War II United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
resolves10.1177/0022427891028004003
Exploring Possible Temporal Relationships of Unemployment and Crime: A Comment on Hale and Sabbagh
resolves10.1007/BF00343977
On estimating the social costs of national economic policy: A critical examination of the Brenner study
resolves10.2307/2095446
Age Structure and Crime: Symmetry Versus Asymmetry and the Projection of Crime Rates Through the 1990s
resolves10.1086/227204
Property Crime Rates in the United States: A Macrodynamic Analysis, 1947-1977; With Ex Ante Forecasts for the Mid-1980s
resolves10.2307/2094935
Social Inequality and Predatory Criminal Victimization: An Exposition and Test of a Formal Theory
resolves10.1086/260058
Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
resolves10.1177/0022427891028004004
Unemployment and Crime: Differencing is no Substitute for Modeling
resolves10.1177/0022427891028004002
Testing the Relationship between Unemployment and Crime: A Methodological Comment and Empirical Analysis Using Time Series Data from England and Wales
resolves10.2307/2096396
The Effect of Changes in Intraracial Income Inequality and Educational Attainment on Changes in Arrest Rates for African Americans and Whites, 1957 to 1990
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01101.x
RACE AND CRIME IN POSTWAR AMERICA: DETERMINANTS OF AFRICAN‐AMERICAN AND WHITE RATES, 1957–1988*
resolves10.1515/9781503615557-005
3. Unemployment and Crime Rate Fluctuations in the Post-World War II United States: Statistical Time-Series Properties and Alternative Models
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01104.x
THE STABILITY OF CRIMINAL POTENTIAL FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD*
resolves10.1111/j.1536-7150.1967.tb01017.x
An Examination of the Empirical Relationship Between Unemployment and Juvenile Delinquency
resolves10.1177/0022427887024001003
Is the Crime Rate Really Falling? An “Aging” U.S. Population and its Impact on the Nation's Crime Rate, 1980-1984
resolves10.2307/2095283
Unemployment and Criminal Involvement: An Investigation of Reciprocal Causal Structures
The 28 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedBlackburn, K., Bloom, D., and Freeman, R. (1990). The declining economic position of less skilled American men. In Burtless, G. (ed.),A Future of Lousy Jobs? The Changing Structure of U.S. Wages, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 31–76.
no DOI — not checkedBlock, M. K., and Heineke, J. M. (1975). A labor theoretic analysis of criminal choice.Am. Econ. Rev. 65: 314–325.
no DOI — not checkedBonger, W. (1916).Criminality and Economic Conditions, Little, Brown, Boston.
no DOI — not checkedBrenner, H. M. (1978). Economic crises and crime, In Savitz, L., and Johnson, N. (eds.),Crime in Society, Wiley, New York, pp. 555–572.
no DOI — not checkedBureau of Justice Statistics (1995).Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1994, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedBryk, A. S., and Raudenbush, S. W. (1991).Hierarchical Linear Models: Application and Data Analysis Methods, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
no DOI — not checkedCloward, R. A., and Ohlin, L. (1960).Delinquency and Opportunity, Free Press, Glencoe, IL.
no DOI — not checkedCohen, L. E., and Land, K. C. (1987b). Sociological positivism and the explanation of criminality, In Gottfredson, M. R., and Hirschi, T. (eds.),Positive Criminology, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 43–55.
no DOI — not checkedDanser, K. R., and Laub, J. H. (1981).Juvenile Criminal Behavior and its Relation to Economic Conditions, Criminal Justice Research Center, Albany, NY.
no DOI — not checkedDepartment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (1989).Handbook of Labor Statistics, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedDepartment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (1990–1992).Employment and Earnings, USGPO, Washington, D.C.
no DOI — not checkedEhrlich, I. (1975). The deterrent effect of capital punishment: A question of life and death.Am. Econ. Rev. 65: 397–417.
no DOI — not checkedFederal Bureau of Investigation (1959–1992).Uniform Crime Reports: Crime in the United States, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedFelson, M. (1994).Crime and Everyday Life, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
no DOI — not checkedFox, J. A. (1978).Forecasting Crime Data, Lexington Books, D. C. Heath, Lexington, MA.
no DOI — not checkedHindelang, M. J., Gottfredson, M. R., and Garofalo, J. (1978).Victims of Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA.
no DOI — not checkedHindelang, M. J., Hirschi, T., and Weis, J. G. (1981).Measuring Delinquency, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
no DOI — not checkedHsiao, C. (1986).Analysis of Panel Data, Cambridge University Press, New York.
no DOI — not checkedJudge, G. S., Griffiths, W. E., Hill, R. C., Lutkepohl, H., and Lee, T.-C. (1985).The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
no DOI — not checkedMaguire, K., and Pastore, A. L. (1995).Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics—1994, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedMessner, S. F., and Rosenfeld, R. (1994).Crime and the American Dream, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
no DOI — not checkedSampson, R. J., and Laub, J. H. (1993).Crime in the Making, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
no DOI — not checkedU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1965).Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Single Years of Age, Color, and Sex 1900 to 1959, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1974).Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States, by Age, Sex, and Race: April 1, 1960 to July 1, 1973, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1981).Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1970–1981, USPGO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1987).Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1980–1987, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1993).Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1990–1993, USGPO, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1997).Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1990–1996, USGPO, Washington, DC.
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