Reference health
Is the European union a natural currency area, or is it held together by policy makers?
13/13 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-24
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
16 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 13 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1023/A:1007030732145
EMU in Reality: The Effect of a Common Monetary Policy on Economies with Different Transmission Mechanisms
resolves10.1016/0261-5606(95)00047-X
Monetary policy targets and the stabilization objective: a source of tension in the EMS
The 16 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedAlesina, A., and R. Wacziarg (1999). Is Europe Going too Far? NBER Working Paper 6883. Cambridge, Mass.
no DOI — not checkedBayoumi, T., and B. Eichengreen (1994). Shocking Aspects of European Monetary Unification. In F. Giavazzi and F. Torres (eds.),Adjustment and Growth in the European Monetary Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
no DOI — not checkedBayoumi, T., and B. Eichengreen (1996). Operationalising the Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. Paper presented at the CEPR’s conference Regional Integration. La Coruna, Spain. April 1996.
no DOI — not checkedBean, C. (1994). European Unemployment: A Survey.Journal of Economic Literature 32 (2): 573–619.
no DOI — not checkedBlanchard, O. J., and D. Quah (1989). The Dynamic Effects of Aggregate Demand and Supply Disturbances.American Economic Review 79 (4): 655–673.
no DOI — not checkedBoone, L. (1997). Symmetry and Asymmetry of Supply and Demand Shocks in the European Union: A Dynamic Analysis.Economie Internationale 70: 7–34.
no DOI — not checkedChristiano L. J., M. Eichenbaum, and C. L. Evans (1998). Monetary Policy Shocks: What Have We Learned and to What End? NBER Working Paper 6400. Cambridge, Mass.
no DOI — not checkedDe Grauwe, P., and W. Vanhaverbeke (1993). Is Europe an Optimum Currency Area?: Evidence from Regional Data. In P. R. Masson and M. P. Taylor (eds.),Policy Issues in the Operation of Currency Areas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
no DOI — not checkedDemertzis, M., A. Hughes Hallett, and O. Rummel (1998). Is a 2-speed System in Europe the Answer to the Conflict between the German and the Anglo-Saxon Models of Monetary Control? In S. W. Black and M. Moersch (eds.),Competition and Convergence in Financial Markets — the German and Anglo—American Models. New York: Elsevier North-Holland.
no DOI — not checkedEnglund, P., A. Vrendin, and A. Warne (1994). Macroeconomic Shocks in an Open Economy. In V. Bergstrom and A. Vredin (eds.),Measuring and Interpreting Business Cycles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
no DOI — not checkedJimeno, J., and J. Viñals (1998). Monetary Union and European Unemployment. In J. Frieden, D. Gros and E. Jones (eds.),The New Political Economy of EMU. Denver: Rowman and Littlefield.
no DOI — not checkedKendall, M., and A. Stuart (1973).The Advanced Theory of Statistics. London: Griffin.
no DOI — not checkedKenen, P. B. (1969). The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas: An Eclectic View. In R. A. Mundell and A. K. Swoboda (eds.),Monetary Problems of the International Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
no DOI — not checkedKrugman, P. (1993). Lessons of Massachusetts for EMU. In F. Torres and F. Giavazzi (eds.),Adjustment and Growth in the European Monetary Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
no DOI — not checkedMcKinnon, R. I. (1963). Optimum Currency Areas.American Economic Review 53 (4): 717–725.
no DOI — not checkedMundeil, R. A. (1961). The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas.American Economic Review 51 (5): 657–665.
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