Reference health
Caffeine: an evaluation of the safety database
72/72 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-23
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
19 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 72 checked references that resolve
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Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Natural Methylxanthines in Animal and Man
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The Acquisition and Application of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) Data in Agricultural Chemical Safety Assessments
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Interspecies Comparison of In Vivo Caffeine Pharmacokinetics in Man, Monkey, Rabbit, Rat and Mouse
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Caffeine Withdrawal and Dependence: A Convenience Survey Among Addiction Professionals
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Population Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Caffeine Using Visual Analogue Scales
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Human metabolism of [1-methyl-14C]- and [2-14C]caffeine after oral administration.
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Influence of caffeine on blood pressure and platelet aggregation
resolves10.1155/2018/9061234
Efficacy and Safety of Different Maintenance Doses of Caffeine Citrate for Treatment of Apnea in Premature Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
resolves10.1002/tera.1047
Teratogen update: Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine
resolves10.1016/S1734-1140(11)70394-2
Caffeine and the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data
resolves10.1016/0278-6915(87)90098-6
Potential reversibility of skeletal effects in rats exposed in utero to caffeine
resolves10.1136/bmj.313.7069.1358
Relation of caffeine intake and blood caffeine concentrations during pregnancy to fetal growth: prospective population based study
resolves10.1161/01.CIR.0000046228.97025.3A
Coffee Acutely Increases Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure Independently of Caffeine Content
resolves10.1111/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05382.x
Influence of Different Methylxanthines on the Anticonvulsant Action of Common Antiepileptic Drugs in Mice
resolves10.3390/nu8030154
Sources of Caffeine in Diets of US Children and Adults: Trends by Beverage Type and Purchase Location
resolves10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02268.x
A prospective study of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol as risk factors for seizures or epilepsy in young adult women: Data from the Nurses’ Health Study II
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Caffeine Citrate for the Treatment of Apnea of Prematurity: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
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Trends in intake and sources of caffeine in the diets of US adults: 2001–2010
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Diet and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation - Epidemiologic and Clinical Evidence -
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Caffeine (1, 3, 7‐trimethylxanthine) in Foods: A Comprehensive Review on Consumption, Functionality, Safety, and Regulatory Matters
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Coffee, Tea, and Fatal Oral/Pharyngeal Cancer in a Large Prospective US Cohort
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The Metabolic and Performance Effects of Caffeine Compared to Coffee during Endurance Exercise
resolves10.1016/0167-8760(90)90031-8
The influence of user status and anxious disposition on the hypertensive effects of caffeine
resolves10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.03.014
Coffee and caffeine intake and breast cancer risk: An updated dose–response meta-analysis of 37 published studies
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Review of Caffeine-Related Fatalities along with Postmortem Blood Concentrations in 51 Poisoning Deaths
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Associations between polymorphisms in the AHR and CYP1A1-CYP1A2 gene regions and habitual caffeine consumption
resolves10.1111/bcp.13089
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical outcomes of early caffeine therapy in preterm neonates
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Arousal Effect of Caffeine Depends on Adenosine A2A Receptors in the Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens
resolves10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2425
Association of Coffee Drinking With Mortality by Genetic Variation in Caffeine Metabolism
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Institute of Medicine. 2014. Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements: Examining Safety—Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014
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The influence of caffeine on tunour indicidence in Sprague-Dawley rats
resolves10.1016/0002-9149(87)90842-3
Caffeine as a possible cause of ventricular arrhythmias during the healing phase of acute myocardial infarction
resolves10.1097/01.hjh.0000166828.94699.1d
Blood pressure response to chronic intake of coffee and caffeine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
resolves10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.019
A review of the epidemiologic evidence concerning the reproductive health effects of caffeine consumption: A 2000–2009 update
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Using caffeine and other adenosine receptor antagonists and agonists as therapeutic tools against neurodegenerative diseases: A review
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Drinking for protection? Epidemiological and experimental evidence on the beneficial effects of coffee or major coffee compounds against gastrointestinal and liver carcinogenesis
resolves10.1001/jama.2011.2024
Survival Without Disability to Age 5 Years After Neonatal Caffeine Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity
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The Effect of Caffeine on Cardiac Rate, Rhythm, and Ventricular Repolarization
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The toxicology of cocoa and methylxanthines: A review of the literature
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Trends and patterns of caffeine consumption among US teenagers and young adults, NHANES 2003–2012
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Trends in Energy Drink Consumption Among U.S. Adolescents and Adults, 2003–2016
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Pharmacokinetic analysis and comparison of caffeine administered rapidly or slowly in coffee chilled or hot versus chilled energy drink in healthy young adults
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Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children
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A 2-year feeding study of instant. Coffees in rats. II. Incidence and types of neoplasms
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A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. I. Body weight, food consumption, haematological parameters and plasma chemistry
The 19 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedCaffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
no DOI — not checkedDietitians of Canada. 2014. Food sources of caffeine. Available: http://www.dietitians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Caffeine/Food-Sources-of-Caffeine.aspx [accessed 06/03/2015].
no DOI — not checkedDo energy drinks cause epileptic seizure and ischemic stroke?
no DOI — not checkedScientific opinion on the safety of caffeine
no DOI — not checkedApnea of prematurity: caffeine dose optimization
no DOI — not checkedIARC (1991). Caffeine. In: Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal. IARC Working Group, Feb. 27-Mar. 6, 1990, Lyon, France. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol 51). World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), pp. 291-390.
no DOI — not checkedIARC (2018). Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages. Expert Opinions of IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, May 24-31, 2016, Lyon, France. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 116). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
no DOI — not checkedCaffeine for the sustainment of mental task performance: fomulations for military operations
no DOI — not checkedIPCS. 1998. Caffeine.
no DOI — not checkedThe relationship between tea and coffee consumption and glioma: a systematic review
no DOI — not checked10.1016/B978-0-12-821038-3.00032-X_bib60
no DOI — not checkedOECD-SIDS. 2002. Organisation for economic co-operation and development screening information dataset (OECD SIDS). Initial assessment profile: Caffeine. Available at www.chemunepch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/CAFFEINE.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedSCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1999. Opinion on Caffeine, Taurine and D-Glucurono -γ-Lactone as constituents of so-called “energy” drinks. 15 pp.
no DOI — not checkedCaffeinated energy drink intoxication
no DOI — not checkedUS FDA (2018a). FDA Warns Companies to Stop Selling Dangerous and Illegal Pure and Highly Concentrated Caffeine Products. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA).
no DOI — not checkedPart 340—Stimulant drug products for over-the-counter human use. §340.50—Labeling of stimulant drug products
no DOI — not checkedUS FDA, 2012 FDA, 2012. Letter from Jeanne Ireland, Assistant Commissioner for Legislation to the Honorable Richard J. Durbin, Senator dated August 10, 2012 [Re: Letter of April 3, 2012 Expressing Concern About Potential Safety Issues Associated With the Consumption of so-called “Energy Drinks”]. Available from: http://www.durbin.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/09112012FDA.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedUS FDA, 21 CFR 340.50. Part 340—stimulant drug products for over-the-counter human use. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=340.50.
no DOI — not checkedUS FDA, Oakridge National Laboratory. 2010. Caffeine intake by the U.S population.
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