Reference health

Soot formation in premixed heptane-toluene flames

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116920
CiteStamped reference-health badge
74/74 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-23

Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.

1 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.

The 74 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.001
A jet fuel surrogate formulated by real fuel properties
resolves10.1016/j.pecs.2010.06.004
Recent progress in the development of diesel surrogate fuels
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.218
A surrogate fuel for kerosene
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.04.032
Reconstruction of chemical structure of real fuel by surrogate formulation based upon combustion property targets
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2005.10.008
The combustion of kerosene: Experimental results and kinetic modelling using 1- to 3-component surrogate model fuels
resolves10.4271/2007-01-0175
Development of an Experimental Database and Chemical Kinetic Models for Surrogate Gasoline Fuels
resolves10.1080/00102200215080
Experimental formulation and kinetic model for JP-8 surrogate mixtures
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2014.09.008
Chemical kinetic and combustion characteristics of transportation fuels
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.027
Kinetic modeling of gasoline surrogate components and mixtures under engine conditions
resolves10.1177/0954407012458402
Experimental studies of autoignition and soot formation of diesel surrogate fuels
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.11.002
The experimental evaluation of a methodology for surrogate fuel formulation to emulate gas phase combustion kinetic phenomena
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.08.015
Shock tube determination of ignition delay times in full-blend and surrogate fuel mixtures
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.004
Shock tube ignition measurements of iso-octane/air and toluene/air at high pressures
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.040
Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics of alternative jet fuels
resolves10.1021/ef100074v
Flame Propagation and Extinction Characteristics of Neat Surrogate Fuel Components
resolves10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2003.12.006
Reference components of jet fuels: kinetic modeling and experimental results
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.10.007
Experimental and modeling study of the autoignition of 1-hexene/isooctane mixtures at low temperatures
resolves10.4271/2010-01-0572
Simulating Combustion of Practical Fuels and Blends for Modern Engine Applications Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.07.014
A comprehensive detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for combustion of n-alkane hydrocarbons from n-octane to n-hexadecane
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.214
Experimental and kinetic modeling study of combustion of gasoline, its surrogates and components in laminar non-premixed flows
resolves10.1177/1468087412471056
Development of an n-heptane/toluene/polyaromatic hydrocarbon mechanism and its application for combustion and soot prediction
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.01.027
Evaluation of the sooting properties of real fuels and their commonly used surrogates in a laminar co-flow diffusion flame
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.02.008
Sooting characteristics of surrogates for jet fuels
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.08.011
A reaction mechanism for gasoline surrogate fuels for large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.108
Sooting tendency of surrogates for the aromatic fractions of diesel and gasoline in a wick-fed diffusion flame
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.198
Effect of fuel/air ratio and aromaticity on the molecular weight distribution of soot in premixed n-heptane flames
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.05.002
Experimental study of soot formation from a diesel fuel surrogate in a shock tube
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2012.04.033
Chemical characterization of soot precursors and soot particles produced in hexane and diesel surrogates using an inverse diffusion flame burner
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.019
Experimental comparison of soot formation in turbulent flames of Diesel and surrogate Diesel fuels
resolves10.1021/ef800303a
Ignition and Emission Characteristics of Surrogate and Practical Jet Fuels
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.11.007
A study of jet fuel sooting tendency using the threshold sooting index (TSI) model
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.11.003
Improved sooting tendency measurements for aromatic hydrocarbons and their implications for naphthalene formation pathways
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.099
Sooting tendencies of diesel fuels, jet fuels, and their surrogates in diffusion flames
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.197
Sooting tendencies of nonvolatile aromatic hydrocarbons
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.050
Effect of C9H12 alkylbenzenes on particle formation in diffusion flames: An experimental study
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.12.019
A numerical study of the effects of n-propylbenzene addition to n-dodecane on soot formation in a laminar coflow diffusion flame
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.067
Soot formation characteristics of gasoline surrogate fuels in counterflow diffusion flames
resolves10.1016/j.pecs.2005.11.003
Studies of aromatic hydrocarbon formation mechanisms in flames: Progress towards closing the fuel gap
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.11.006
Particle formation in premixed ethylene-benzene flames: An experimental and modeling study
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.112
Modelling analysis of PAH and soot measured in a premixed toluene-doped methane flame
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.12.004
Sooting structure of a premixed toluene-doped methane flame
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.019
Selection of a diesel fuel surrogate for the prediction of auto-ignition under HCCI engine conditions
resolves10.1016/S0082-0784(00)80668-2
Soot formation from heavy hydrocarbons behind reflected shock waves
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.05.020
Measurements of the auto-ignition of n-heptane/toluene mixtures using a rapid compression machine
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.073
Soot volume fraction and morphology of conventional and surrogate jet fuel sprays at 1000-K and 6.7-MPa ambient conditions
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.014
Sooting tendency and particle size distributions of n-heptane/toluene mixtures burned in a wick-fed diffusion flame
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.097
Size evolution of soot particles from gasoline and n-heptane/toluene blend in a burner stabilized stagnation flame
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.08.022
Soot formation characteristics of n-heptane/toluene mixtures in laminar premixed burner-stabilized stagnation flames
resolves10.1016/0010-2180(85)90161-0
Experimental studies of soot particle thermophoresis in nonisothermal combustion gases using thermocouple response techniques
resolves10.1364/AO.42.005577
Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence of soot: the influence of experimental factors and microphysical mechanisms
resolves10.1021/ef301081q
Particulate Formation in Premixed and Counter-flow Diffusion Ethylene/Ethanol Flames
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2014.02.039
The role of dimethyl ether as substituent to ethylene on particulate formation in premixed and counter-flow diffusion flames
resolves10.1016/j.fuel.2016.02.038
Effect of furanic biofuels on particles formation in premixed ethylene–air flames: An experimental study
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.10.009
Detection of nanostructures and soot in laminar premixed flames
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.001
Probing the smallest soot particles in low-sooting premixed flames using laser-induced incandescence
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.027
Probing soot formation, chemical and physical evolution, and oxidation: A review of in situ diagnostic techniques and needs
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.05.034
Comparative study of the soot formation process in a “nucleation” and a “sooting” low pressure premixed methane flame
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.02.026
Laser-induced structural modifications of differently aged soot investigated by HRTEM
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.119
Coagulation of combustion generated nanoparticles in low and intermediate temperature regimes: An experimental study
resolves10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.048
Effect of 2,5-dimethylfuran doping on particle size distributions measured in premixed ethylene/air flames
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.10.025
The effect of butanol isomers on the formation of carbon particulate matter in fuel-rich premixed ethylene flames
resolves10.1016/0021-8502(96)00026-2
Bipolar charging of ultrafine particles in the size range below 10 nm
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.09.007
On detection of nanoparticles below the sooting threshold
resolves10.1080/02786826.2010.483701
Charge Distribution of Incipient Flame-Generated Particles
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.11.003
Numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis of detailed soot particle size distribution in laminar premixed ethylene flames
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.003
Analysis of the chemical features of particles generated from ethylene and ethylene/2,5 dimethyl furan flames
resolves10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02372
Chemical Features of Particles Generated in an Ethylene/Ethanol Premixed Flame
resolves10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.02.011
Effect of the flame environment on soot nanostructure inferred by Raman spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths
resolves10.1038/nnano.2013.46
Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene
resolves10.1002/pssb.19660150224
Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium
resolves10.1016/j.carbon.2017.08.073
Optical properties of organic carbon and soot produced in an inverse diffusion flame
resolves10.1103/PhysRevB.35.2946
Electronic and atomic structure of amorphous carbon
resolves10.1016/0079-6786(91)90002-H
Hard amorphous (diamond-like) carbons
resolves10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.032
Far-ultraviolet to near-infrared optical properties of carbon nanoparticles produced by pulsed-laser pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and their relation with structural variations
The 1 reference without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checked10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116920_b0325
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings, or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.

checked 2026-07-23 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record

Embed this badge

Both snippets point at the live badge image and link back to this page. The badge re-renders from the daily check, so an embed never goes stale by more than a day of visits.

<a href="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116920"><img src="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116920/badge.svg" alt="CiteStamped reference-health badge" width="460" height="64"></a>
[![CiteStamped reference-health badge](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116920/badge.svg)](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116920)