Reference health
Diacerein: A potential multi-target therapeutic drug for COVID-19
1 of 71 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-07-22
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
16 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
marked retracted — notice via Crossref, record curated by Retraction Watch10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
RETRACTED: Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial
The 70 checked references that resolve
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COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression
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Immunosuppression for hyperinflammation in COVID-19: a double-edged sword?
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Diacerein: Benefits, Risks and Place in the Management of Osteoarthritis. An Opinion-Based Report from the ESCEO
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A Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical Studies With Diacerein in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis
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Symptomatic efficacy and safety of diacerein in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials
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Effects of diacerein at the molecular level in the osteoarthritis disease process
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Benefit–Risk Assessment of Diacerein in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis
resolves10.3390/ijms19030674
Therapeutics in Osteoarthritis Based on an Understanding of Its Molecular Pathogenesis
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Effects of diacerhein on granuloma induced cartilage breakdown in the mouse
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eAnti-interleukin-1 effects of diacerein and rhein in human osteoarthritic synovial tissue and cartilage cultures
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Diacerhein and Rhein Prevent Interleukin‐1β‐Induced Nuclear Factor‐κB Activation by Inhibiting the Degradation of Inhibitor κB‐α
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Diacerhein and rhein reduce the ICE-induced IL-1β and IL-18 activation in human osteoarthritic cartilage
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Diacerein, its beneficial impact on chondrocytes and notable new clinical applications
resolves10.1038/onc.2015.466
Diacerein-mediated inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R signaling induces apoptotic effects on breast cancer
resolves10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.008
The disease modifying osteoarthritis drug diacerein is able to antagonize pro inflammatory state of chondrocytes under mild mechanical stimuli
resolves10.1007/s00011-009-0085-8
Diacerein decreases TNF-α and IL-1β levels in peritoneal fluid and prevents Baker’s yeast-induced fever in young rats
resolves10.1186/ar1028
Attenuation of inflammatory polyarthritis in TNF transgenic mice by diacerein: comparative analysis with dexamethasone, methotrexate and anti-TNF protocols
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding
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Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2
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Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations
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Polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene associated with magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy in male patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome
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Complement Receptor C5aR1 Inhibition Reduces Pyroptosis in hDPP4-Transgenic Mice Infected with MERS-CoV
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Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by COVID-19: anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19—a systematic review of current evidence
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Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
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resolves10.1038/s41423-020-0401-3
Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients
resolves10.1128/JVI.06791-11
Primary Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Limits Replication but Not Lung Inflammation upon Homologous Rechallenge
resolves10.1186/s13613-019-0499-6
Acute fibrinolysis shutdown occurs early in septic shock and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality: results of an observational pilot study
resolves10.1111/jth.14817
Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy
resolves10.1186/s12959-019-0205-9
Hypoxia and HIF activation as a possible link between sepsis and thrombosis
resolves10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945
Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine
resolves10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0
Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro
resolves10.7326/M20-1223
A Rush to Judgment? Rapid Reporting and Dissemination of Results and Its Consequences Regarding the Use of Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19
resolves10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19
resolves10.1038/cmi.2015.74
The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy
resolves10.1142/S0192415X19500071
Rhein, An Anthraquinone Drug, Suppresses the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Macrophage Activation in Urate Crystal-Induced Gouty Inflammation
resolves10.2147/DDDT.S133069
Rhein attenuates inflammation through inhibition of NF-κB and NALP3 inflammasome in vivo and in vitro
resolves10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.030
Rhein protects against barrier disruption and inhibits inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells
resolves10.3389/fphar.2019.01600
Rhein Suppresses Lung Inflammatory Injury Induced by Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via NF-κB Pathway in Mice
resolves10.1016/S0945-053X(02)00028-8
Response of young, aged and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes to inflammatory cytokines: molecular and cellular aspects
resolves10.3892/mmr.2015.3925
Rhein inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury during sepsis by blocking the toll-like receptor 4 nuclear factor-κB pathway
resolves10.1038/srep11822
Rhein prevents endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting NF-κB activities
resolves10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.020
Diacerhein downregulate proinflammatory cytokines expression and decrease the autoimmune diabetes frequency in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice
resolves10.1007/s00011-019-01239-7
Chrysophanol, an anthraquinone from AST2017-01, possesses the anti-proliferative effect through increasing p53 protein levels in human mast cells
resolves10.1159/000107690
Identification of Natural Compounds with Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity from <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L. Ethanol Extract
resolves10.1371/journal.pone.0191793
Anti-influenza A virus activity of rhein through regulating oxidative stress, TLR4, Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB signal pathways
resolves10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.014
Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction
resolves10.1073/pnas.0505577102
Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry
resolves10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.001
Quinazoline derivatives as cathepsins B, H and L inhibitors and cell proliferating agents
resolves10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180533b5c
Anthraquinone-2,6-Disulfonic Acid as a Disease-modifying Osteoarthritis Drug
resolves10.1111/jth.14781
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with 2019‐nCoV pneumonia
resolves10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950
Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
resolves10.1111/jth.14768
Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia
resolves10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.029
Rhein protects the myocardiac cells against hypoxia/reoxygention-induced injury by suppressing GSK3β activity
resolves10.1021/np50069a014
Potential Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation from Plant Sources, V. Anthraquinones from Seeds of Cassia obtusifolia and Related Compounds
resolves10.1254/jphs.11123FP
Chrysophanol-8-O-glucoside, an Anthraquinone Derivative in Rhubarb, Has Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activities
resolves10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.018
Anthraquinones from Cassiae semen as thrombin inhibitors: in vitro and in silico studies
resolves10.1371/journal.ppat.0030005
A Mouse-Adapted SARS-Coronavirus Causes Disease and Mortality in BALB/c Mice
resolves10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883
An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice
resolves10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00411-1
Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of 2-chloro-3-[4-(ethylcarboxy)-phenyl]-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ12), a newly synthesized 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative
The 16 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedClinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China
no DOI — not checkedClinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study
no DOI — not checkedMacrophage activation syndrome
no DOI — not checkedHaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in COVID-19 cases?
no DOI — not checkedDiacerein for osteoarthritis
no DOI — not checkedIn vitro effects of Diacerein and Rhein on IL-1 and TNF-α systems in human osteoarthritic synovium and chondrocytes
no DOI — not checkedRhein: a review of pharmacological activities
no DOI — not checkedPharmacological treatment with diacerein combined with mechanical stimulation affects the expression of growth factors in human chondrocytes
no DOI — not checkedCharacterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine
no DOI — not checkedACE2, CALM3 and TNNI3K polymorphisms as potential disease modifiers in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies
no DOI — not checkedSmith T, Bushek J, Prosser T. COVID-19 drug therapy -potential options. Clinical Drug Information - Clinical Solutions. Elsevier. Accessed on May 6, 2020 at https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/1004173/COVID-19-Drug-Therapy_4.30.2020.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedDuan YJ, Liu Q, Zhao SQ, et al. The trial of chloroquine in the treatment of corona virus disease 2019 COVID-19 and its research progress in forensic toxicology. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020;36(2). 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.02.001.
no DOI — not checkedA systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19
no DOI — not checkedIn vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
no DOI — not checkedEfficacy and safety of diacerein and diclofenac in knee osteoarthritis in Indian patients - a prospective randomized open label study
no DOI — not checkedAnti-inflammatory effects of rhein and crude extracts from Cassia alata L. HaCaT cells
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