Reference health
Transmission of HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa and effect of elimination of unsafe injections
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44/44 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-10
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
18 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 44 checked references that resolve
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The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings
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Let it be sexual: how health care transmission of AIDS in Africa was ignored
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HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa not explained by sexual or vertical transmission
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Use of injections in healthcare settings worldwide, 2000: literature review and regional estimates
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Estimating HIV-1 transmission efficiency through unsafe medical injections
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Estimating the number of H6V transmissions through reused syringes and needles in the Mbeya Region, Tanzania
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HIV DNA and antibodies in syringes from injecting drug users, a comparison of detection techniques
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Detection of HIV-1 nucleic acid and HIV-1 antibodies in needles and syringes used for non-intravenous injection
resolves10.1097/00126334-199910010-00013
HIV-1 Transmission in Injection Paraphernalia: Heating Drug Solutions May Inactivate HIV-1
resolves10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-740
Risk for Occupational Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Associated with Clinical Exposures
resolves10.1093/infdis/170.6.1410
Incidence And Prevalence Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, And Cytomegalovirus Among Health Care Personnel At Risk For Blood Exposure: Final Report From A Longitudinal Study
resolves10.1056/NEJM199711203372101
A Case–Control Study of HIV Seroconversion in Health Care Workers after Percutaneous Exposure
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Employees in an African Hospital
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Incident HIV-1 infection in a cohort of young women in Butare, Rwanda
resolves10.1097/00126334-200004150-00009
Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Incident HIV Infection in Rural Uganda
resolves10.1097/00002030-199001000-00008
Epidemiological methods to study the interaction between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases
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Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing
resolves10.1097/00007435-200210000-00002
Methods to Reduce Social Desirability Bias in Sex Surveys in Low-Development Settings
resolves10.2307/2983472
What's in a Mean?--An Examination of the Inconsistency Between Men and Women in Reporting Sexual Partnerships
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08780-9
Sexual mixing patterns and sex-differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe
resolves10.1097/00002030-199011000-00005
Prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the Kagera region of Tanzania
resolves10.1097/00002030-200110190-00016
The development of the HIV epidemic in Karonga District, Malawi
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) seropositivity among children in a rural population of south-west Uganda: probable routes of exposure
resolves10.1097/00002030-199803000-00010
Age- and sex-specific HIV-1 prevalence in the urban community setting of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
resolves10.1097/00126334-199205000-00013
HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infection in Children in Abidjan, C??te d??lvoire
resolves10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-12.x
Post‐natal incidence of HIV‐1 infection among children in a rural Ugandan population: no evidence for transmission other than mother to child
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06444-6
Late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'lvoire
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09331-5
Declining HIV-1 incidence and associated prevalence over 10 years in a rural population in south-west Uganda: a cohort study
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Trends in HIV and sexual behaviour in a longitudinal study in a rural population in Tanzania, 1994–2000
resolves10.1097/00002030-200108004-00011
The epidemiology of HSV-2 infection and its association with HIV infection in four urban African populations
resolves10.1097/00002030-200105040-00009
HIV infection among youth in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour
resolves10.1086/343739
Age‐Specific Prevalence of Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Types 2 and 1: A Global Review
resolves10.1001/jama.1986.03380060047023
Prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV in Household Contacts of Patients With Confirmed AIDS and Controls in Kinshasa, Zaire
resolves10.1056/NEJM200003303421303
Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
resolves10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018
Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
resolves10.1097/00002030-198906000-00006
The relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection in African populations
resolves10.1093/ije/19.3.693
Geographical Patterns of Male Circumcision Practices in Africa: Association with HIV Seroprevalence
resolves10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.03004.x
Evidence of iatrogenic HIV transmission in children in South Africa
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Relative risk of HIV infection among young men and women in a South African township
The 18 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedProjections of HIV infections and AIDS cases to the year 2000
no DOI — not checkedThe cost-effectiveness of policies for the safe and appropriate use of injection in healthcare settings
no DOI — not checkedvan Bueren, Salman H, Simpson RA. Survival of HIV and inactivation by heat and chemical disinfectants. VIII International Conference on AIDS; July 19–24, 1992:Po2401 (abstr).
no DOI — not checkedSafety of immunization injections in Africa: not simply a problem of logistics
no DOI — not checkedTesfaye F, Mengistu Y, Priddy F, et al. Potential for medical transmission of HIV in Ethiopia. 2nd IAS Conference on HIV, Pathogenesis and Treatment; July 13–16, 2003.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15497-4_bib16
no DOI — not checkedMasters BMFA. Recovery of HIV from syringes. 12th World AIDS Conference; June 28–July 3, 1998.
no DOI — not checkedPediatric HIV infection in Elista, Russia: interventional strategies
no DOI — not checkedSurveillance epidémiologique du syndrome d'immunodépression acquise dans six etats d'Africa Centrale
no DOI — not checkedNationwide community-based serological survey of HIV-1 and other human retrovirus infections in a central African country
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15497-4_bib43
no DOI — not checkedGlobal prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs
no DOI — not checkedEpidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in families in Lusaka, Zambia
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15497-4_bib54
no DOI — not checkedGovernment of Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. Report of an assessment of immunisation injection practices in Zimbabwe. 2002.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15497-4_bib57
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15497-4_bib59
no DOI — not checkedContrasting gender differentials in HIV-1 prevalence and associated mortality increase in eastern and southern Africa: artefact of data or natural course of epidemics?
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