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Evolution of Railroad Economics
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46/46 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-25
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
99 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 46 checked references that resolve
resolves10.2307/3648967
Productivity Growth and Some of Its Determinants in the Deregulated U.S. Railroad Industry
resolves10.2307/2098421
A Firm Specific Analysis of Economies of Density in the U.S. Railroad Industry
resolves10.1086/260916
The Relative Efficiency of Public and Private Firms in a Competitive Environment: The Case of Canadian Railroads
resolves10.2307/1880741
Economic Performance in Regulated and Unregulated Environments: A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Railroads
resolves10.2307/2982446
Estimating the Social Benefit of Constructing an Underground Railway in London
resolves10.2307/1924406
Potential Benefits of Rail Mergers: An Econometric Analysis of Network Effects on Service Quality
resolves10.1080/01441648208716498
The estimation of transport cost functions: a methodological review
resolves10.1080/014416400295356
European passenger rail reforms: A comparative assessment of the emerging models
resolves10.1016/S0166-0462(01)00059-X
Modifying transport prices to internalise externalities: evidence from European case studies
resolves10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00063-X
How good is first best? Marginal cost and other pricing principles for user charging in transport
The 99 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib1
no DOI — not checkedAssociation of American Railroads. (1964). A guide to railroad cost analysis. Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedBaumol, W. J. (2000). Public interest standards for Canadian rail rate regulation: Differential prices, access and price ceilings. Submitted to the Canada Transportation Act Review (CTAR) Panel. Available at http://reviewcta-examenltc.gc.ca/submissions-soumissions/June30/Baumol%20William%20J%20(CN).pdf
no DOI — not checkedBaumol, W. J., Bonbright, J. C., Bronzen, Y., Dean, J., Edwards, F. K., Hoover, C. B., Pegrum, D. F., Roberts, M. J., & Williams, E. W., Jr. (1962). Role of cost in the minimum pricing of railroad services. Journal of Business, 357–366; Reprinted in: T. H. Oum et al. (Eds), Transport economics: Selected readings (1997, pp. 237–251). Harwood Academic Publisher and Korea Research Foundation.
no DOI — not checkedBaumol, W. J., & Bradford, D. F. (1970). Optimal departures from marginal cost pricing. American Economics Review, 60, 265—283; Reprinted in: T. H. Oum et al. (Eds), Transport economics: Selected readings (1997, pp. 253–284). Harwood Academic Publisher and Korea Research Foundation.
no DOI — not checkedBaumol, W., Panzar, J., & Willig, R. (1982). Contestable markets and the theory of industry structure. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
no DOI — not checkedBaumol, W. J., & Willig, R. (1999). Competitive rail regulation rules – should price ceilings constrain final products or inputs? Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 33(January), 43–53.
no DOI — not checkedEconometric estimation of post-deregulation railway productivity growth
no DOI — not checkedEnvironmental costs
no DOI — not checkedBitzan, J. (2000). Railroad cost conditions – implications for policy. Report for the Federal Railroad Administration, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedRailroad costs and competition: The implications of introducing competition to railroad networks
no DOI — not checkedLearning about transport costs
no DOI — not checkedBritish Railways Board. (1994). Passenger demand forecasting handbook (2nd ed.). London: HMSO.
no DOI — not checkedBureau of Transport and Regional Economics (BTRE). (2003). Rail infrastructure pricing: Principles and practice. Report 109, BTRE, Canberra, Australia.
no DOI — not checkedLiberalizing European aviation: Is there an empty core problem?
no DOI — not checkedCaves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Swanson, J. A. (1981a). The high cost of regulating U.S. railroads. Regulation, Jan/Feb, 41–46.
no DOI — not checkedProductivity growth, scale economics, and capacity utilization in U.S. railroads, 1955–1974
no DOI — not checkedEconomic performance of U.S. and Canadian railroads: The significance of ownership and the regulatory environment
no DOI — not checkedNetwork effects and the measurement of returns to scale and density for U.S. railroads
no DOI — not checkedAn assessment of the efficiency effects of U.S. airline deregulation via an international comparison
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib36
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib37
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib38
no DOI — not checkedCTAR Canada Transportation Act Review Panel. (2001a) Vision and balance. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
no DOI — not checkedCTAR Canada Transportation Act Review Panel. (2001b). The role of differential pricing: Implications and remedies (in CD Rom supplement, Additional rail info). In: Vision and balance. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
no DOI — not checkedUser costs and benefits
no DOI — not checkedDupuit, J. (1844). De la mesure de l’utilite des travaux publique, 8 Annales des Ponts et Chaussees 2d series, 332.
no DOI — not checkedDupuit, J. (1849). De l’influence des peages sur l’utilite des voies de communication, 17 Annales des Ponts et Chaussees 2d series, 170.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib43
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib44
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib46
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib47
no DOI — not checkedThe social costs of regulating the railroads
no DOI — not checkedRail costs and capital adjustments in a quasi-regulated environment
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib49
no DOI — not checkedRegulation and innovation: Lessons from the American railroad industry
no DOI — not checkedGallamore, R. E., & Panzar, J. (2004). When is competition not good? The case of compulsory access and maximum rate regulation for railroad “captive shippers.” Manuscript final draft, Northwestern University, October 6, 2004.
no DOI — not checkedGrimm, C. M., & Harris, R. G. (1983). Vertical foreclosure in the rail freight industry: Economic analysis and policy prescriptions, ICC Practitioners Journal, July–August, 508–531.
no DOI — not checkedGrimm, C. M., & Harris, R. G. (1988). A qualitative choice analysis of rail routings: Implications for vertical foreclosure and competition policy. Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 24(1), 49–67.
no DOI — not checkedCompetition in the deregulated rail industry: Sources, effects and policy issues
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib56
no DOI — not checkedA policy sensitive railway cost function
no DOI — not checkedHasenkamp, G. (1979). A study of multiple-output production functions: Klein's railroad study revisited, Journal of Econometrics, 23–62.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib62
no DOI — not checkedRecent developments in rail infrastructure charging in the European Union
no DOI — not checkedIvaldi, M., & McCullough, G. J. (2004). Subadditivity tests for network separation with an application to U.S. railroads. London, CEPR Discussion Paper 4392.
no DOI — not checkedRailroad pricing and revenue-to-cost margins in the post-Staggers era
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib70
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib71
no DOI — not checkedProblems come before solutions: Comment on pricing market access for regulated firms
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib73
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib74
no DOI — not checkedLardner, D. (1850). Railway economy: A treatise on the New Art of Transport, Its management, prospects and relations, New York: A.M. Kelley, (1968 reprint).
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib80
no DOI — not checkedMartland, C. D. (1997). Sources of financial improvement in the U.S. rail industry 1966 to 1995. In: Proceedings of the 39th annual transportation research forum (pp. 58–86).
no DOI — not checkedProductivity and prices in the U.S. rail industry: Experience from 1965 to 1995 and prospects for the future
no DOI — not checkedMartland, C.D. (2006). Productivity, pricing and profitability in the rail industry: 1995–2004. In: Proceedings of the Canadian Transportation Research Forum, University of Saskatchewan Printing Services, Saskatoon (pp. 778–792).
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib84
no DOI — not checkedMohring, H. (1972). Optimization and scale economies in urban bus transportation. American Economic Review, September, 591–604.
no DOI — not checkedDeregulating surface freight transportation
no DOI — not checkedRegulatory reform of U.S. intercity transportation
no DOI — not checkedRail infrastructure charges in Europe: Review of current practice, rationales
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib90
no DOI — not checkedTransport pricing policy and the research agenda
no DOI — not checkedPricing European transport systems: Recent developments and evidence forom case studies
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib94
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib95
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib96
no DOI — not checkedA survey of recent developments in transportation cost function research
no DOI — not checkedA survey of productivity and efficiency measurement in rail transport
no DOI — not checkedEconomic efficiency of railways and implications for public policy: A comparative study of the OECD countries’ railways
no DOI — not checkedPegrum, D. F. (1963). Transportation economics and public policy. Richard D. Irwin, and various revised editions.
no DOI — not checkedOptions for restructuring the state-owned monopoly railway
no DOI — not checkedAn analysis of the potential for on-track competition in the British passenger rail industry
no DOI — not checkedAlternative pricing doctrines
no DOI — not checkedRaghavan, V. S., & Raghavan, J. (2005). Application of core theory to the U.S. airline industry. Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics, March, 1–22.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib110
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib111
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib112
no DOI — not checkedRoyal Commission on Transportation (MacPherson Commission). (1962). Royal commission on Transportation (3 Vol.) Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib116
no DOI — not checkedStenason, J., & Bandeen, R. A. (1965). Transportation costs and their implications: An empirical study of railway costs in Canada, In: Transportation Economics (pp. 121–138). New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib121
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib122
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib123
no DOI — not checkedThe total factor productivity of Canadian railways, 1956–1991
no DOI — not checkedPricing market access for regulated firms
no DOI — not checkedPricing market access for regulated firms: Reply
no DOI — not checkedAchieving competitive neutrality in rail competitive access disputes
no DOI — not checkedTye, W. B., & Horn, R. (2000). Rail merger and access issues before the U.S. Surface Transportation Board, Paper for symposium on competition and access in the rail industry, for the Canada Transportation Act Review Panel, Saskatoon, SK.
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib131
no DOI — not checkedRail cost analysis
no DOI — not checkedProductivity measurement
no DOI — not checkedComparing total factor productivity and price performance: Concepts and application to Canadian Railways
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib136
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib137
no DOI — not checkedThe privatisation of Britain's railways: An inside view
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib139
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S0739-8859(07)20002-2_bib141
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