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Virtual hypoxia and chronic necrosis of demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis
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103/103 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-23
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
5 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 103 checked references that resolve
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Multiple Sclerosis: An Immune or Neurodegenerative Disorder?
resolves10.1046/j.1365-2990.1999.00205.x
Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a <i>post‐mortem</i><b> study</b>
resolves10.1212/WNL.57.7.1248
Axonal loss in normal-appearing white matter in a patient with acute MS
resolves10.1212/WNL.53.8.1698
Use of the brain parenchymal fraction to measure whole brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS
resolves10.1002/ana.410360115
Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for monitoring disease progression in multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1093/brain/119.3.715
Assessment of lesion pathology in multiple sclerosis using quantitative MRI morphometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy
resolves10.1002/1531-8249(200012)48:6<893::AID-ANA10>3.0.CO;2-B
Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reducedN-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients
resolves10.1126/science.280.5369.1610
Axonal Swellings and Degeneration in Mice Lacking the Major Proteolipid of Myelin
resolves10.1038/ng1095
Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination
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Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Is a Myelin Signal that Modulates the Caliber of Myelinated Axons
resolves10.1097/00019052-199906000-00008
Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurologic disability
resolves10.1177/107385849900500107
Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Relationship to Neurological Disability
resolves10.1093/brain/123.11.2314
Evidence for adaptive functional changes in the cerebral cortex with axonal injury from multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00043-0
Evidence for axonal pathology and adaptive cortical reorganization in patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1093/brain/awf164
Cortical motor reorganization after a single clinical attack of multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1093/brain/awg284
Potentially adaptive functional changes in cognitive processing for patients with multiple sclerosis and their acute modulation by rivastigmine
resolves10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094309
Axon-Glial Signaling and the Glial Support of Axon Function
resolves10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.003
Sodium-mediated axonal degeneration in inflammatory demyelinating disease
resolves10.1002/ana.20736
Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients
resolves10.1073/pnas.0402765101
Molecular changes in neurons in multiple sclerosis: Altered axonal expression of Na
<sub>v</sub>
1.2 and Na
<sub>v</sub>
1.6 sodium channels and Na
<sup>+</sup>
/Ca
<sup>2</sup>
+ exchanger
resolves10.1002/ana.20082
Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: Is it time for neuroprotective strategies?
resolves10.1002/ana.21381
Imaging correlates of decreased axonal Na
<sup>+</sup>
/K
<sup>+</sup>
ATPase in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions
resolves10.1097/nen.0b013e3181462841
Sodium Channel Expression Within Chronic Multiple Sclerosis Plaques
resolves10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68051920.x
Intracellular Concentrations of Major Ions in Rat Myelinated Axons and Glia: Calculations Based on Electron Probe X‐Ray Microanalyses
resolves10.1016/j.neuron.2003.08.016
Depolarization-Induced Ca2+ Release in Ischemic Spinal Cord White Matter Involves L-type Ca2+ Channel Activation of Ryanodine Receptors
resolves10.1152/jn.1995.74.1.369
Voltage-gated calcium channels in CNS white matter: role in anoxic injury
resolves10.1113/jphysiol.2006.116798
Complex interplay between glutamate receptors and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> stores during ischaemia in rat spinal cord white matter
resolves10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05095.1996
Oligodendroglia Regulate the Regional Expansion of Axon Caliber and Local Accumulation of Neurofilaments during Development Independently of Myelin Formation
resolves10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00117-4
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1 and 2A associate with and dephosphorylate neurofilaments
resolves10.1093/brain/124.6.1114
Distribution of a calcium channel subunit in dystrophic axons in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
resolves10.1093/brain/123.6.1174
Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with demyelination and inflammation
resolves10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00469-X
Calpain-dependent neurofilament breakdown in anoxic and ischemic rat central axons
resolves10.1073/pnas.96.20.11486
A putative mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis by a proteolytic enzyme, calpain
resolves10.1089/neu.1995.12.555
The Pathobiology of Traumatically Induced Axonal Injury in Animals and Humans: A Review of Current Thoughts
resolves10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00066.x
Sodium Channels and Multiple Sclerosis: Roles in Symptom Production, Damage and Therapy
resolves10.1073/pnas.90.15.6976
Noninactivating, tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ conductance in rat optic nerve axons.
resolves10.1002/ana.410360515
Induction of nitric oxide synthase in demyelinating regions of multiple sclerosis brains
resolves10.1093/brain/120.12.2149
Nitric oxide donors reversibly block axonal conduction: demyelinated axons are especially susceptible
resolves10.1002/ana.10443
Blockers of sodium and calcium entry protect axons from nitric oxide‐mediated degeneration
resolves10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.001
Ions, energy and axonal injury: towards a molecular neurology of multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1056/NEJM199403033300907
Excitatory Amino Acids as a Final Common Pathway for Neurologic Disorders
resolves10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01746-X
The link between excitotoxic oligodendroglial death and demyelinating diseases
resolves10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00421-5
Hypoxia-like tissue injury as a component of multiple sclerosis lesions
resolves10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-09-03588.2003
Functional Hemichannels in Astrocytes: A Novel Mechanism of Glutamate Release
resolves10.1016/j.neuint.2003.12.011
Mechanisms of glutamate release from astrocytes: gap junction “hemichannels”, purinergic receptors and exocytotic release
resolves10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-14-j0002.1999
Novel Injury Mechanism in Anoxia and Trauma of Spinal Cord White Matter: Glutamate Release via Reverse Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent Glutamate Transport
resolves10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600455
Excitotoxic Mechanisms of Ischemic Injury in Myelinated White Matter
resolves10.1038/nature04302
NMDA receptors are expressed in oligodendrocytes and activated in ischaemia
resolves10.1038/nature04301
NMDA receptors are expressed in developing oligodendrocyte processes and mediate injury
resolves10.1038/nature04474
NMDA receptors mediate calcium accumulation in myelin during chemical ischaemia
resolves10.1093/brain/awh467
Evidence of elevated glutamate in multiple sclerosis using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T
resolves10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.048
TE-Averaged two-dimensional proton spectroscopic imaging of glutamate at 3 T
resolves10.1093/brain/awh302
Resistance of human adult oligodendrocytes to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated glutamate injury
resolves10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04237.2001
AMPA/Kainate Receptor Activation Mediates Hypoxic Oligodendrocyte Death and Axonal Injury in Cerebral White Matter
resolves10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-03-01190.2000
Mechanisms of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Excitotoxicity in Isolated Spinal Cord White Matter
resolves10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03991.x
The chemical biology of clinically tolerated NMDA receptor antagonists
resolves10.1016/0022-510X(95)00339-4
Memantine abrogates neurological deficits, but not CNS inflammation, in Lewis rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
resolves10.1002/ana.21423
Gray matter atrophy is related to long‐term disability in multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1002/ana.21311
Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1097/00019052-200206000-00022
Anti-inflammatory strategies to prevent axonal injury in multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1097/01.wco.0000236612.66839.a2
Multiple sclerosis, natalizumab therapy, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
resolves10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01405-8
Innate and adaptive immune responses can be beneficial for CNS repair
resolves10.1093/brain/awl370
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation fails to stop demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
resolves10.1073/pnas.93.17.9270
Common molecular determinants of local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant block of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
resolves10.1152/jn.1992.67.1.236
Tertiary and quaternary local anesthetics protect CNS white matter from anoxic injury at concentrations that do not block excitability
resolves10.1038/nm1568
Real-time measurement of free Ca2+ changes in CNS myelin by two-photon microscopy
resolves10.1002/ana.20045
Axonal protection using flecainide in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
resolves10.1152/jn.00434.2003
Phenytoin Protects Spinal Cord Axons and Preserves Axonal Conduction and Neurological Function in a Model of Neuroinflammation In Vivo
resolves10.1002/ana.21172
Exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after withdrawal of phenytoin and carbamazepine
resolves10.1007/s00415-006-0204-1
Axonal protection achieved in a model of multiple sclerosis using lamotrigine
resolves10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199705)20:1<79::AID-GLIA8>3.0.CO;2-0
Glutamate metabolism is down-regulated in astrocytes during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
resolves10.1002/ana.1077
Multiple sclerosis: Altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage
resolves10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-03-01055.1997
Role of NMDA and Non-NMDA Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Traumatic Spinal Cord Axonal Injury
resolves10.1006/exnr.1997.6506
Delayed Antagonism of AMPA/Kainate Receptors Reduces Long-Term Functional Deficits Resulting from Spinal Cord Trauma
resolves10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.124
Prevention of axonal injury using calpain inhibitor in chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
resolves10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742101.x
Calpain Inhibitors Confer Biochemical, but Not Electrophysiological, Protection Against Anoxia in Rat Optic Nerves
resolves10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4017-06.2007
Passive Immunization with Anti-Ganglioside Antibodies Directly Inhibits Axon Regeneration in an Animal Model
The 5 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checked10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70043-2_bib3
no DOI — not checkedOuardouz M, Coderre E, Basak A, et al. Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: I) GluR6 kainate receptors. Ann Neurol (in press).
no DOI — not checkedOuardouz M, Coderre E, Zamponi GW, et al. Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: II) AMPA and GluR5 receptors. Ann Neurol (in press).
no DOI — not checkedMultiple sclerosis: therapy
no DOI — not checkedLoss of Na+ channel β2 subunits is neuroprotective in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
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