Reference health
Altruistic punishment in humans
20/20 checkable references clean · checked 2026-09-22
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
8 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 20 checked references that resolve
The 8 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedSmuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., & Struhsaker, T. T. (eds) Primate Societies (Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987).
no DOI — not checkedSober, E. & Wilson, D. S. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behaviour (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998).
no DOI — not checkedBoyd, R. & Richerson, P. in Evolution and Culture (ed. Levinson, S.) (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the press).
no DOI — not checkedAxelrod, R. The Evolution of Cooperation (Basic Books, New York, 1984).
no DOI — not checkedAlexander, R. D. The Biology of Moral Systems (Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1987).
no DOI — not checkedHirshleifer, J. in The Latest on the Best: Essays on Evolution and Optimality. (ed. Dupré, J.) (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987).
no DOI — not checkedFrank, R. Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions (Norton, New York, 1988).
no DOI — not checkedFischbacher, U. Z-tree: Zürich Toolbox for Readymade Economic Experiments Working Paper No. 21 (Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Univ. Zürich, 1999).
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-09-22 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
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