Reference health
How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks
2 of 137 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-03
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
5 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1128/MMBR.51.3.341-350.1987
does not resolve to a known work10.1128/MMBR.32.4_Pt_2.493-528.1968
The 135 checked references that resolve
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The Mechanism of the Irreversible Antimicrobial Effects of Penicillins: How the Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Kill and Lyse Bacteria
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.049
A Common Mechanism of Cellular Death Induced by Bactericidal Antibiotics
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.038
Mistranslation of Membrane Proteins and Two-Component System Activation Trigger Antibiotic-Mediated Cell Death
resolves10.1073/pnas.74.11.4767
Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid: Purification of
<i>Escherichia coli nalA</i>
gene product and its relationship to DNA gyrase and a novel nicking-closing enzyme
resolves10.1073/pnas.74.11.4772
Nalidixic acid resistance: A second genetic character involved in DNA gyrase activity
resolves10.1128/AAC.45.10.2703-2709.2001
Enhancement of Fluoroquinolone Activity by C-8 Halogen and Methoxy Moieties: Action against a Gyrase Resistance Mutant of
<i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i>
and a Gyrase-Topoisomerase IV Double Mutant of
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
resolves10.1006/jmbi.1996.0274
DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV on the Bacterial Chromosome: Quinolone-induced DNA Cleavage
resolves10.1128/AAC.40.10.2252
ParC subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary target of fluoroquinolones and cooperates with DNA gyrase A subunit in forming resistance phenotype
resolves10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01297.x
<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> acquires mutations in analogous regions of gyrA and parC in fluoroquinolone‐resistant isolates
resolves10.1021/bi9603175
DNA Cleavage Is Not Required for the Binding of Quinolone Drugs to the DNA Gyrase−DNA Complex
resolves10.1128/AAC.34.6.1271
Quinolone resistance-determining region in the DNA gyrase gyrA gene of Escherichia coli
resolves10.1128/JB.89.4.1068-1074.1965
Mechanism of Action of Nalidixic Acid on
<i>Escherichia coli</i>
II. Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis
resolves10.1016/0022-2836(79)90077-9
DNA gyrase on the bacterial chromosome: DNA cleavage induced by oxolinic acid
resolves10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.142616
RecA-Dependent Recovery of Arrested DNA Replication Forks
resolves10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05673.x
Function of the SOS Process in Repair of DNA Damage Induced by Modern 4-Quinolones
resolves10.1371/journal.pbio.0030176
Inhibition of Mutation and Combating the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
resolves10.1038/nature02241
SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes
resolves10.1099/00222615-34-1-19
Protein- and RNA-synthesis independent bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin that involves the A subunit of DNA gyrase
resolves10.1093/jac/dkp486
Contribution of reactive oxygen species to pathways of quinolone-mediated bacterial cell death
resolves10.1371/journal.pbio.0060319
The Communication Factor EDF and the Toxin–Antitoxin Module mazEF Determine the Mode of Action of Antibiotics
resolves10.1073/pnas.100422497
Protein oxidation in response to increased transcriptional or translational errors
resolves10.1016/0005-2787(67)90147-5
The specific inhibition of the DNA-directed RNA synthesis by rifamycin
resolves10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00286-0
Structural Mechanism for Rifampicin Inhibition of Bacterial RNA Polymerase
resolves10.1074/jbc.M011041200
The β′ Subunit of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Is Not Required for Interaction with Initiating Nucleotide but Is Necessary for Interaction with Rifampicin
resolves10.1126/science.1087526
A New Class of Bacterial RNA Polymerase Inhibitor Affects Nucleotide Addition
resolves10.2165/00003088-200140050-00002
Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Rifamycin Antibacterials
resolves10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a133698
Oxygen Enhancement of Bactericidal Activity of Rifamycin SV on Escherichia coli and Aerobic Oxidation of Rifamycin SV to Rifamycin S Catalyzed by Manganous Ions: The Role of Superoxide
resolves10.1016/0014-5793(77)80309-8
Divalent metal ion catalysis of the oxidation of rifamycin SV to refamycin S
resolves10.1039/np9920900199
Intracellular steps of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis: enzymology, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance
resolves10.1128/MMBR.62.1.181-203.1998
Growth of the Stress-Bearing and Shape-Maintaining Murein Sacculus of
<i>Escherichia coli</i>
resolves10.1128/MMBR.00027-07
How Bacteria Consume Their Own Exoskeletons (Turnover and Recycling of Cell Wall Peptidoglycan)
resolves10.1073/pnas.54.1.75
Penicillin: its basic site of action as an inhibitor of a peptide cross-linking reaction in cell wall mucopeptide synthesis.
resolves10.1073/pnas.54.4.1133
Mechanism of action of penicillins: a proposal based on their structural similarity to acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
resolves10.1098/rstb.1980.0044
Penicillins and cephalosporins are active site-directed acylating agents: evidence in support of the substrate analogue hypothesis
resolves10.1021/ja048850s
The Perfect Penicillin? Inhibition of a Bacterial DD-Peptidase by Peptidoglycan-Mimetic β-Lactams
resolves10.1016/S1074-5521(00)80008-3
Binding of glycopeptide antibiotics to a model of a vancomycin-resistant bacterium
resolves10.1126/science.284.5413.507
Vancomycin Derivatives That Inhibit Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis Without Binding
<scp>d</scp>
-Ala-
<scp>d</scp>
-Ala
resolves10.1038/227138a0
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in a Bacterium with Suppressed Autolytic System
resolves10.1128/JB.184.22.6093-6099.2002
Effects of Multiple Deletions of Murein Hydrolases on Viability, Septum Cleavage, and Sensitivity to Large Toxic Molecules in
<i>Escherichia coli</i>
resolves10.1128/JB.00505-09
LytM-Domain Factors Are Required for Daughter Cell Separation and Rapid Ampicillin-Induced Lysis in<i>Escherichia coli</i>
resolves10.1128/AAC.34.1.33
Two bactericidal targets for penicillin in pneumococci: autolysis-dependent and autolysis-independent killing mechanisms
resolves10.1128/jb.178.3.611-618.1996
Identification and molecular characterization of a putative regulatory locus that affects autolysis in Staphylococcus aureus
resolves10.1128/jb.178.19.5810-5812.1996
Identification of LytSR-regulated genes from Staphylococcus aureus
resolves10.1128/JB.182.7.1794-1801.2000
The
<i>Staphylococcus aureus lrgAB</i>
Operon Modulates Murein Hydrolase Activity and Penicillin Tolerance
resolves10.1128/JB.185.8.2635-2643.2003
The
<i>Staphylococcus aureus cidAB</i>
Operon: Evaluation of Its Role in Regulation of Murein Hydrolase Activity and Penicillin Tolerance
resolves10.1073/pnas.72.8.2999
Distinct penicillin binding proteins involved in the division, elongation, and shape of Escherichia coli K12.
resolves10.1128/AAC.16.6.838
Triggering of autolytic cell wall degradation in Escherichia coli by beta-lactam antibiotics
resolves10.1128/jb.175.4.1118-1125.1993
Cell division inhibitors SulA and MinCD prevent formation of the FtsZ ring
resolves10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.038
Diverse Paths to Midcell: Assembly of the Bacterial Cell Division Machinery
resolves10.1126/science.1101630
SOS Response Induction by ß-Lactams and Bacterial Defense Against Antibiotic Lethality
resolves10.1128/JB.186.20.6768-6774.2004
FtsZ Collaborates with Penicillin Binding Proteins To Generate Bacterial Cell Shape in
<i>Escherichia coli</i>
resolves10.1128/AAC.35.7.1381
Lytic effect of two fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin and pefloxacin, on Escherichia coli W7 and its consequences on peptidoglycan composition
resolves10.1126/science.289.5481.920
The Structural Basis of Ribosome Activity in Peptide Bond Synthesis
resolves10.1021/cr030110z
Streptogramins, Oxazolidinones, and Other Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
resolves10.1074/jbc.M102966200
Oxazolidinones Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of the First Peptide Bond Formation
resolves10.1128/AAC.21.5.811
Erythromycin, carbomycin, and spiramycin inhibit protein synthesis by stimulating the dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from ribosomes
resolves10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00662-4
The Mechanism of Action of Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin B Reveals the Nascent Peptide Exit Path in the Ribosome
resolves10.1128/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001
Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance
resolves10.1093/jac/8.4.249
Aminoglycoside uptake and mode of action—with special reference to streptomycin and gentamicin
resolves10.1016/S0026-895X(25)14722-6
Misreading of RNA Codewords Induced by Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
resolves10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20059.x
Dissociation Rate of Cognate Peptidyl‐tRNA from the A‐Site of Hyper‐Accurate and Error‐Prone Ribosomes
resolves10.1126/science.274.5291.1367
Structure of the A Site of
<i>Escherichia coli</i>
16
<i>S</i>
Ribosomal RNA Complexed with an Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
resolves10.1038/72364
resolves10.1128/AAC.16.1.13
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Action of Chloramphenicol Against Meningeal Pathogens
resolves10.1093/jac/25.suppl_A.25
Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of azithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae
resolves10.1073/pnas.83.16.6164
Misread protein creates membrane channels: an essential step in the bactericidal action of aminoglycosides.
resolves10.1128/AAC.29.1.141
Streptomycin accumulation by Bacillus subtilis requires both a membrane potential and cytochrome aa3
resolves10.1128/AAC.23.6.835
Roles of ribosomal binding, membrane potential, and electron transport in bacterial uptake of streptomycin and gentamicin
resolves10.1099/00221287-28-3-493
Uptake of 14C-streptomycin by some Micro-organisms and its Relation to their Streptomycin Sensitivity
resolves10.1128/AAC.15.1.7
Mechanism of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Resistance in Anaerobic Bacteria:
<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>
and
<i>Bacteroides fragilis</i>
resolves10.1038/185022a0
Effect of Streptomycin on Escherichia Coli: Damage by Streptomycin to the Cell Membrane of Escherichia coli
resolves10.1038/185023a0
Effect of Streptomycin on Escherichia Coli: Uptake of Streptomycin by Escherichia coli
resolves10.1016/j.mib.2005.02.013
Sensing external stress: watchdogs of the Escherichia coli cell envelope
resolves10.1074/jbc.M313454200
Probing the ArcA-P Modulon of Escherichia coli by Whole Genome Transcriptional Analysis and Sequence Recognition Profiling
resolves10.1073/pnas.0403064101
Identification of a quinone-sensitive redox switch in the ArcB sensor kinase
resolves10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03566-X
Using microarray gene signatures to elucidate mechanisms of antibiotic action and resistance
resolves10.1128/JB.01982-07
Determination of Antibiotic Hypersensitivity among 4,000 Single-Gene-Knockout Mutants of
<i>Escherichia coli</i>
resolves10.1128/AAC.00222-08
Complex Ciprofloxacin Resistome Revealed by Screening a
<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
Mutant Library for Altered Susceptibility
resolves10.1371/journal.pbio.0050008
Large-Scale Mapping and Validation of Escherichia coli Transcriptional Regulation from a Compendium of Expression Profiles
resolves10.1126/science.1081900
Inferring Genetic Networks and Identifying Compound Mode of Action via Expression Profiling
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.053
A Predictive Model for Transcriptional Control of Physiology in a Free Living Cell
resolves10.1073/pnas.152046799
Assigning numbers to the arrows: Parameterizing a gene regulation network by using accurate expression kinetics
resolves10.1128/AAC.00507-08
Novel Genetic Determinants of Low-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance in
<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
resolves10.1177/1087057109342126
Inhibitors of RecA Activity Discovered by High-Throughput Screening: Cell-Permeable Small Molecules Attenuate the SOS Response in Escherichia coli
resolves10.1016/S0065-2911(02)46003-1
How oxygen damages microbes: Oxygen tolerance and obligate anaerobiosis
resolves10.1016/j.molcel.2009.11.024
Hydroxyurea Induces Hydroxyl Radical-Mediated Cell Death in Escherichia coli
resolves10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.018
Role of reactive oxygen species in antibiotic action and resistance
resolves10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.003
Sublethal Antibiotic Treatment Leads to Multidrug Resistance via Radical-Induced Mutagenesis
resolves10.1126/science.1175439
Endogenous Nitric Oxide Protects Bacteria Against a Wide Spectrum of Antibiotics
resolves10.1126/science.287.5458.1655
<i>Salmonella</i>
Pathogenicity Island 2-Dependent Evasion of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase
resolves10.1126/science.1063611
Genetic Basis for Activity Differences Between Vancomycin and Glycolipid Derivatives of Vancomycin
resolves10.1128/AAC.01121-07
Transcriptional Profiling Reveals that Daptomycin Induces the
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
Cell Wall Stress Stimulon and Genes Responsive to Membrane Depolarization
resolves10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11000.x
Role of membranes in the activities of antimicrobial cationic peptides
resolves10.1038/nbt1267
Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies
resolves10.1038/ng1755
Functional classification of drugs by properties of their pairwise interactions
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.025
Nonoptimal Microbial Response to Antibiotics Underlies Suppressive Drug Interactions
resolves10.1126/science.135.3508.1067
Synergism between Streptomycin and Penicillin: A Proposed Mechanism
resolves10.1073/pnas.0800442106
Engineered bacteriophage targeting gene networks as adjuvants for antibiotic therapy
The 5 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedFleming, A. On antibacterial action of culture of penicillium, with special reference to their use in isolation of B. influenzae. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 10, 226–236 (1929).
no DOI — not checkedDwyer, D. J., Kohanski, M. A., Hayete, B. & Collins, J. J. Gyrase inhibitors induce an oxidative damage cellular death pathway in Escherichia coli. Mol. Syst. Biol. 3, 91 (2007). Describes the physiological responses of E. coli following inhibition of topoisomerase by a fluoroquinolone and a peptide toxin, which include activation of the superoxide stress response and increased Fe–S cluster synthesis. These physiological changes result in hydroxyl radical production, which contributes to cell death.
no DOI — not checkedChamberlin, M. & Losick, R. (eds) RNA polymerase (Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1976).
no DOI — not checkedSensi, P., Margalith, P. & Timbal, M. T. Rifomycin, a new antibiotic; preliminary report. Farmaco Sci. 14, 146–147 (1959).
no DOI — not checkedHobby, G. L. & Lenert, T. F. The action of rifampin alone and in combination with other antituberculous drugs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 102, 462–465 (1970).
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