Reference health
Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets
60/60 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-22
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
6 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 60 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1093/ajcn/74.2.233
Hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated methylmalonic acid indicate a high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Asian Indians
resolves10.1093/ajcn/78.1.131
Vitamin B-12 status, particularly holotranscobalamin II and methylmalonic acid concentrations, and hyperhomocysteinemia in vegetarians
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16044-3
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis
resolves10.1002/ijc.10300
Lifelong vegetarianism and risk of breast cancer: A population‐based case‐control study among South Asian migrant women living in England
resolves10.1079/PHN2003522
Nutrition and lifestyle in relation to bowel movement frequency: a cross-sectional study of 20 630 men and women in EPIC–Oxford
resolves10.1093/ajcn/70.3.555s
Essential fatty acid requirements of vegetarians in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy
resolves10.1159/000077045
Dietary Iron Intake and Iron Status of German Female Vegans: Results of the German Vegan Study
resolves10.1093/jnci/dji164
Meat, Fish, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
resolves10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3<598::AID-CNCR2820640306>3.0.CO;2-6
Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in adventist men
resolves10.1093/ajcn/27.7.712
Hematological, vitamin B12, and folate studies on Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians
resolves10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3<582::AID-CNCR2820640304>3.0.CO;2-V
Dietary habits and breast cancer incidence among seventh-day adventists
resolves10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300
Diet and body mass index in 38 000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans
resolves10.1079/BJN19980087
Faecal pH, bile acid and sterol concentrations in premenopausal Indian and white vegetarians compared with white omnivores
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02507-X
Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: a case-control study
resolves10.1079/PHN2002332
Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC–Oxford
resolves10.1079/PHN2002430
EPIC–Oxford:lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK
resolves10.1038/bjc.1994.261
Role of reproductive factors in breast cancer in a low-risk area: a case–control study
resolves10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600874
The effect of diet on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy male subjects
resolves10.1093/ajcn/70.3.532s
Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists
resolves10.1136/bmj.308.6925.363
Systematic underestimation of association between serum cholesterol concentration and ischaemic heart disease in observational studies: data from the BUPA study
resolves10.1053/jada.2003.50142
Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets
resolves10.1038/sj.bjc.6690445
Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a quantitative review of prospective studies
resolves10.1093/ajcn/78.3.533S
Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford
resolves10.1093/ajcn/48.3.806
Vegetarian diet and blood pressure levels: incidental or causal association?
resolves10.1079/PHN2005730
Height, age at menarche, body weight and body mass index in life-long vegetarians
resolves10.1093/ajcn/82.2.327
Long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men
resolves10.1038/sj.bjc.6601441
Nutrition, lifestyle and colorectal cancer incidence: a prospective investigation of 10 998 vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the United Kingdom
resolves10.1038/sj.bjc.6690546
Oestradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal and post-menopausal meat-eaters, vegetarians and vegans
resolves10.1093/jnci/94.8.606
Endogenous Sex Hormones and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Reanalysis of Nine Prospective Studies
resolves10.1093/ajcn/78.3.640S
Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications
resolves10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0696
Lifestyle Determinants and Mortality in German Vegetarians and Health-Conscious Persons: Results of a 21-Year Follow-up
resolves10.1054/bjoc.2000.1152
Hormones and diet: low insulin-like growth factor-I but normal bioavailable androgens in vegan men
resolves10.1002/ajh.10134
Independent effect of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency on hematological status in older Chinese vegetarian women
resolves10.1038/sj.ijo.0803305
Weight gain over 5 years in 21 966 meat-eating, fish-eating, vegetarian, and vegan men and women in EPIC-Oxford
resolves10.1001/jama.290.4.502
Effects of a Dietary Portfolio of Cholesterol-Lowering Foods vs Lovastatin on Serum Lipids and C-Reactive Protein
resolves10.1093/ajcn/70.3.516s
Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies
resolves10.1093/ajcn/78.3.539S
Lessons from dietary studies in Adventists and questions for the future
resolves10.1093/ajcn/31.5.805
Studies of vegans: the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls
resolves10.1093/jn/132.2.152
Plasma Homocysteine Levels in Taiwanese Vegetarians Are Higher than Those of Omnivores
resolves10.1093/jn/134.12.3319
Long-Term Ovo-Lacto Vegetarian Diet Impairs Vitamin B-12 Status in Pregnant Women
The 6 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedDiet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases
no DOI — not checkedNational Diet and Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years
no DOI — not checkedSalt and Health
no DOI — not checkedInternational Vegetarian Union (2005) 37th IVU World Vegetarian Congress Goa, India, September 10–16, 2006. Healthy Lifestyle – Vegetarian Way! http://www.ivu.org/congress/2006/whyindia.html (accessed June 2005).
no DOI — not checkedThe associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans
no DOI — not checkedDietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects no. 41
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