Reference health
The Nexus of Organized Crime and Terrorism: Two Case Studies in Cigarette Smuggling
12/12 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-25
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
37 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 12 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1023/A:1015077526420
Organized corporate criminality – Tobacco smuggling between Canada and the US
resolves10.1163/157181703322759414
Smoking May not Only be Hazardous to Your Health, but also to World Political Stability: The European Union's Fight Against Cigarette Smuggling Rings that Benefit Terrorism
resolves10.1080/1744057042000297025
The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism
resolves10.1007/s12117-005-1028-6
Terrorists and organized crime entrepreneurs in the “triple frontier” among Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay
The 37 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedConfronting Terrorism Financing.
no DOI — not checkedCapitalism's Achilles Heel: Dirty Money and How to Renew the Free‐market System
no DOI — not checkedCIT0003
no DOI — not checkedCIT0005
no DOI — not checkedPolicy Watch #700: Special Forum Report: Hizballah Fundraising in the American Heartland
no DOI — not checkedCIT0008
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Attorneys’ Bulletin.
no DOI — not checkedBlood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones
no DOI — not checkedLightning out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil.
no DOI — not checkedEuropean Community and the Republic of Colombia v. R.J. Reynolds et al. and Phillip Morris et al. (2002). U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Court. [Online] Available , Accessed September 14, 2006 http://www.ash.org.uk/html/smuggling/rico/eucolombia.pdf (http://www.ash.org.uk/html/smuggling/rico/eucolombia.pdf)
no DOI — not checkedEuropean Community v. R.J. Reynolds et al. (Complaint). (2002). United States District Court, Eastern Division of New York [Online] Available , Accessed July 20, 2006 http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/coi/02cv5771cmp.pdf (http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/coi/02cv5771cmp.pdf)
no DOI — not checkedEuropean Community v. R.J. Reynolds et al. and Phillip Morris et al. (Complaint). (2001). United States District Court, Eastern Division of New York [Online] Available , Accessed July 20, 2006 http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/coi/01cv5188complaint.pdf (http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/coi/01cv5188complaint.pdf)
no DOI — not checkedEuropean Community v. R.J. Reynolds et al., Japan Tobacco International and Phillip Morris et al. (Complaint). (2000). United States District Court, Eastern Division of New York. [Online] Available , Accessed October 10, 2006 http://www.publicintegrity.org/ docs/Tobacco/EUSuit.pdf (http://www.publicintegrity.org/ docs/Tobacco/EUSuit.pdf)
no DOI — not checkedEuropean Community v. R.J. Reynolds et al. and Phillip Morris et al. (Memorandum of Law). (2002). United States District Court, Eastern Division of New York. [Online] Available , Accessed October 10, 2006 http://www.ash.org.uk/html/smuggling/rico/euterrorism.pdf (http://www.ash.org.uk/html/smuggling/rico/euterrorism.pdf)
no DOI — not checkedCIT0019
no DOI — not checkedCIT0020
no DOI — not checkedFromme, B. (2006, December 14). Personal communication. Mc Lean, VA
no DOI — not checkedCIT0024
no DOI — not checkedTerrorist and organized crime groups in the Tri‐Border Area (TBA) of South America. Federal Research Division
no DOI — not checkedHomegrown terrorists: How a Hezbollah cell made millions in sleepy Charlotte, N.C. US News and World Report
no DOI — not checkedThe New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction
no DOI — not checkedHezbollah: Financing terror through criminal enterprise: Testimony of Dr. Matthew Levitt Senior Fellow and Director of Terrorism Studies The Washington Institute for Near East Policy May 25, 2005 Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate
no DOI — not checkedLegal case profile: 00‐CR‐147
no DOI — not checkedMafia Brotherhood: Organized Crime Italian Style
no DOI — not checkedIdeology and Crime.
no DOI — not checkedCIT0035
no DOI — not checkedCIT0036
no DOI — not checkedWhite Collar Crime: The Uncut Version.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States of America v. Mohamad Youssef Hammoud et al., Second Superseding Bill of Indictment. (2001). United States District Court Western District of North Carolina [Online] Available , Accessed November 25, 2006 http://www.tkb.org/CaseHome. jsp?caseid=615 (http://www.tkb.org/CaseHome. jsp?caseid=615)
no DOI — not checkedUnited States of America v. Mohamad Youssef Hammoud. (2004). United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. [Online] Available , Accessed November 25, 2006 http://pacer. ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/034253.P.pdf (http://pacer. ca4.uscourts.gov/opinion.pdf/034253.P.pdf)
no DOI — not checkedTerrorist Financing: U.S. Agencies Should Systematically Assess Terrorists’ Use of Alternative Financing Mechanisms (No. GAO‐04–163)
no DOI — not checkedThe Organised Crime Economy: Managing Crime Markets in Europe.
no DOI — not checkedCIT0045
no DOI — not checkedWHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. June‐July 2007. “How big was the global illicit tobacco trade problem in 2006? Framework Convention Alliance for Tobacco Control”. June‐July, [Online] Available http://www.fctc.org/xZ documents/HowBigWasTheIllicitTobaccoTradeProblem_2006_English.pdf, Accessed November 8, 2007
no DOI — not checkedThe cigarette “transit'’ road to the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq: Illicit tobacco trade in the Middle East.
no DOI — not checkedContact information: Louise I. Shelley, Ph.D., Professor, School of Public Policy, and Director, Terrorism, Transnational Crime & Corruption Center (TraCCC), George Mason University, 3401 Fairfax Drive ‐ MS 3B, Arlington, VA 22201. Phone: (703) 993–9749. E‐mail: lshelley@gmu.edu
no DOI — not checkedContact information: Sharon A. Melzer, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Justice, Law & Society, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20016. Phone: (202) 885–2948. E‐mail: Melzer@american.edu
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work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
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