Reference health
White female victims and death penalty disparity research
30/30 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-03
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
27 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 30 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1007/BF02354471
Prosecutorial discretion to defer criminalization: The effects of defendant's ascribed and achieved status characteristics
resolves10.1080/07418820000096331
The role of victim characteristics in the disposition of murder cases
resolves10.1177/0011128789035001007
Neither Conflict Nor Labeling Nor Paternalism Will Suffice: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Family in Criminal Court Decisions
resolves10.1080/07418829500092601
Sex effects and sentencing: An analysis of the statistical literature
resolves10.1177/0022427886023004003
Adjudication in Homicide: An Interpretive Analysis of the Effects of Defendant and Victim Social Characteristics
resolves10.2307/2578525
Beyond Anomalies: Rethinking the Conflict Perspective on Race and Criminal Punishment
resolves10.2307/2095079
Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence with Additional Evidence on the Death Penalty
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01050.x
CIRCUMSTANCES IN SUPPLEMENTARY HOMICIDE REPORTS: VARIETY AND VALIDITY*
resolves10.1111/j.1533-8525.1979.tb01233.x
Offended Parties and Official Reactions: Victims and the Sentencing of Criminal Defendants
resolves10.2307/3053431
Prosecutorial Discretion in Requesting the Death Penalty: A Case of Victim-Based Racial Discrimination
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01071.x
FELONY MURDER AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE DETERRENCE QUESTION
resolves10.2307/2095557
Changing Conceptions of Race: Towards an Account of Anomalous Findings of Sentencing Research
resolves10.1111/j.1533-8525.1989.tb01533.x
Executions of Whites for Crimes Against Blacks: Exceptions to the Rule?
resolves10.1002/bsl.2370130105
Capital punishment in Missouri: Examining the issue of racial disparity
resolves10.1080/07418829100091071
Race and disparities in sentencing: A test of the liberation hypothesis
resolves10.1080/07418829600093141
The effect of offender and victim characteristics on sexual assault case processing decisions
resolves10.2307/3053358
The Impact of Victim Assessment on Prosecutors' Screening Decisions: The Case of the New York County District Attorney's Office
resolves10.2307/2657543
Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who is Punished More Harshly?
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
THE INTERACTION OF RACE, GENDER, AND AGE IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING: THE PUNISHMENT COST OF BEING YOUNG, BLACK, AND MALE
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00793.x
THE SEXUAL STRATIFICATION HYPOTHESIS AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN LIGHT OF THE CHANGING CONCEPTIONS OF RACE
The 27 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedAmerica's experiment with capital punishment
no DOI — not checkedEqual justice and the death penalty: A legal and empirical analysis
no DOI — not checkedCIT0005
no DOI — not checkedCIT0006
no DOI — not checkedThe invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice
no DOI — not checkedGender, crime and justice
no DOI — not checkedGender, crime, and punishment
no DOI — not checkedCIT0015
no DOI — not checkedCrime and punishment in American history
no DOI — not checkedDeath penalty sentencing research indicates pattern of racial disparities
no DOI — not checkedWomen and (in)justice
no DOI — not checkedDeath and discrimination: Racial disparities in capital sentencing
no DOI — not checkedThe American jury
no DOI — not checkedRape and criminal justice
no DOI — not checkedCrossing the over the line: Legislating morality and the Mann Act
no DOI — not checkedRace, gender, and class in criminology
no DOI — not checkedCrime and justice: A review of research
no DOI — not checkedPaternoster, R., Brame, R., Bacon, S., Ditchfield, A., Biere, D., Beckman, K., et al. (2003). An empirical analysis of Maryland's death sentencing system with respect to the influence of race and legal jurisdiction: Final report. College Park: University of Maryland. [On-line]. Available www.urhome.umd.edu/newsdesk/pdf/finalrep.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedCIT0036
no DOI — not checkedCIT0038
no DOI — not checkedEthnicity, crime, and immigration: omparative and cross-national perspectives
no DOI — not checkedRace, gender, and class in criminology
no DOI — not checkedInequality, crime, and social control
no DOI — not checkedCIT0049
no DOI — not checkedWomen and criminal justice system
no DOI — not checkedCriminal justice and the victim
no DOI — not checkedThinking about race
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-08-03 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
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