Reference health
A Multilevel Analysis of Community Effects on Criminal Sentencing
72/72 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-03
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
35 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 72 checked references that resolve
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CRIMINALITY, PROSECUTORIAL SCREENING, AND UNCERTAINTY: TOWARD A THEORY OF DISCRETIONARY DECISION MAKING IN FELONY CASE PROCESSINGS
resolves10.2307/3053987
Sentencing under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Effects of Defendant Characteristics, Guilty Pleas, and Departures on Sentence Outcomes for Drug Offenses, 1991–1992
resolves10.1177/0032855597077003002
Public Support for Correctional Treatment: The Continuing Appeal of the Rehabilitative Ideal
resolves10.1177/0011128796042004002
Assessing Public Support for Three-Strikes-and-You're-Out Laws: Global versus Specific Attitudes
resolves10.1177/0022427800037002003
Racial Disparity in Arrest Rates as an Explanation of Racial Disparity in Commitment to Pennsylvania's Prisons
resolves10.1525/sp.1981.29.1.03a00040
Inequality in the Legal Order: Some Further Analysis and Commentary
resolves10.1080/07418820000096331
The role of victim characteristics in the disposition of murder cases
resolves10.1177/0022427897034001003
The Southern Subculture of Punitiveness? Regional Variation in Support for Capital Punishment
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01258.x
VICARIOUS HOMICIDE VICTIMIZATION AND SUPPORT FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A TEST OF BLACK'S THEORY OF LAW*
resolves10.1080/01924036.1998.9678612
Giving people what they want: An exploratory analysis of felony sentencing in 49 states
resolves10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00152.x
The Social and Cognitive Structure of Legal Decision-Making
resolves10.1177/0022427885022002004
The U.S. Criminal Justice System: Unemployment and the Severity of Punishment
resolves10.2307/2577458
Criminal Justice in Rural and Urban Communities: A Study of the Bureaucratization of Justice
resolves10.1080/07350015.1991.10509825
A Monte Carlo Analysis of Alternative Estimators in Models Involving Selectivity
resolves10.2307/2578525
Beyond Anomalies: Rethinking the Conflict Perspective on Race and Criminal Punishment
resolves10.1353/sof.2003.0012
The Political Context of Sentencing: An Analysis of Community and Individual Determinants
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00518.x
ON THE USE OF THE TOTAL INCARCERATION VARIABLE IN SENTENCING RESEARCH*
resolves10.1080/07418829600092801
Ethnicity, legal resources, and felony dispositions in two southwestern jurisdictions
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00893.x
MINORITY THREAT AND POLICE BRUTALITY: DETERMINANTS OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS IN U.S. MUNICIPALITIES
resolves10.1177/0032855596076004003
Individual and Contextual Influences on Sentence Lengths: Examining Political Conservatism
resolves10.2307/2095061
Race and the War on Crime: The Sociopolitical Determinants of Municipal Police Expenditures in 90 non-Southern U.S. Cities
resolves10.1525/sp.1978.25.5.03a00060
Inequality and the Legal Order: An Ecological Test of the Conflict Model
resolves10.1086/230949
Toward a Political Model of Incarceration: A Time-Series Examination of Multiple Explanations for Prison Admission Rates
resolves10.1080/07418820200095381
Location, location, location: Interdistrict and intercircuit variation in sentencing outcomes for federal drug-trafficking offenses
resolves10.1086/229381
Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates: Are There Any Invariances Across Time and Social Space?
resolves10.1177/073401688300800106
Economic Conditions and Social Control: An Empirical Assessment of the Relationship between Unemployment and Incarceration in the U.S.A., 1958 to 1978
resolves10.1177/0022427890027001004
Punishment and Social Structure at the State Level: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of 1970 and 1980
resolves10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.02.007
What drives punitive beliefs?: Demographic characteristics and justifications for sentencing
resolves10.2307/3053938
Structural Variations in Juvenile Court Processing: Inequality, the Underclass, and Social Control
resolves10.1086/449253
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States
resolves10.1086/229904
Law That Does Not Fit Society: Sentencing Guidelines as a Neoclassical Reaction to the Dilemmas of Substantivized Law
resolves10.2307/2657543
Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who is Punished More Harshly?
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
THE INTERACTION OF RACE, GENDER, AND AGE IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING: THE PUNISHMENT COST OF BEING YOUNG, BLACK, AND MALE
resolves10.1086/316961
Imprisonment and Social Classification in Five Common‐Law Democracies, 1955–1985
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01212.x
COURT COMMUNITIES UNDER SENTENCING GUIDELINES: DILEMMAS OF FORMAL RATIONALITY AND SENTENCING DISPARITY
resolves10.1525/sp.1998.45.2.03x0168l
The Use and Transformation of Formal Decision-Making Criteria: Sentencing Guidelines, Organizational Contexts, and Case Processing Strategies
resolves10.1111/j.1533-8525.1980.tb00636.x
Social Structure, Crime and Criminalization: An Empirical Examination of the Conflict Perspective
resolves10.2307/2095669
Studying Inner-City Social Dislocations: The Challenge of Public Agenda Research: 1990 Presidential Address
resolves10.1080/01621459.1985.10478148
The Hierarchical Logistic Regression Model for Multilevel Analysis
resolves10.1023/A:1023076104837
Analytical Rigor in Studies of Disparities in Criminal Case Processing
The 35 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedCIT0004
no DOI — not checkedThe Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology
no DOI — not checkedIt’s about time: America’s imprisonment binge
no DOI — not checkedThe politics of injustice: Crime and punishment in America
no DOI — not checkedSociological justice
no DOI — not checkedToward a theory of minority‐group relations
no DOI — not checkedThe death penalty in America: Current research
no DOI — not checkedCIT0023
no DOI — not checkedConfronting crime
no DOI — not checkedHierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods
no DOI — not checkedLaw, order and power
no DOI — not checkedEthnicity, race, and crime: Perspectives across time and spaces
no DOI — not checkedCIT0033
no DOI — not checkedThe contours of justice: Communities and their courts
no DOI — not checkedFelony justice: An organizational analysis of felony courts
no DOI — not checkedCrime in the United States, 1997
no DOI — not checkedAmericans view crime and justice: A national public opinion survey
no DOI — not checkedResearch on sentencing: The search for reform
no DOI — not checkedCIT0051
no DOI — not checkedCrime in city politics
no DOI — not checkedMinority group threat, crime, and policing
no DOI — not checkedCIT0063
no DOI — not checkedThe tenor of justice: Criminal courts and the guilty plea process
no DOI — not checkedFelony defendants in large urban counties, 1998
no DOI — not checkedAmerican national election study, 1996: Pre‐ and post‐election survey [Computer file]
no DOI — not checkedJust punishments: Federal guidelines and public views compared
no DOI — not checkedState court organization, 1998
no DOI — not checkedMultilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling
no DOI — not checkedCriminal justice 2000
no DOI — not checkedCIT0089
no DOI — not checkedSocial worlds of sentencing: Court communities under sentencing guidelines
no DOI — not checkedCensus of population and housing, summary tape file 3
no DOI — not checkedCounty and city data book: 2000
no DOI — not checkedState court processing statistics, 1998: Felony defendants in large urban counties [Computer file]
no DOI — not checkedCriminal justice 2000
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