Reference health
African military spending: Defence versus development?
18/18 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-26
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
26 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 18 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1108/S0573-8555(1996)0000235025
Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries
resolves10.1086/451930
Economic Growth and the Defense Burden in Africa and Latin America: Simulations from a Dynamic Model
resolves10.1177/002234338302000308
Research Communication: The Military Related External Debt of Third World Countries
resolves10.1177/002234338602300403
Defense Expenditures, External Public Debt and Growth in Developing Countries
resolves10.1017/S0022278X00010491
Military Expenditures and Socio-Economic Development in Africa: a Summary of Recent Empirical Research
resolves10.1080/1024269032000110504
Military expenditure and debt in small industrialised economies: A panel analysis
resolves10.1177/0022343389026001008
Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Subsaharan Africa: An Econometric Investigation
resolves10.1177/0022343395032003006
Military Spending in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Evidence for 1967-85
resolves10.1057/9780230501256_13
Military Spending and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Supply-Side Analysis
resolves10.1057/9780230501256_10
South Africa: An Econometric Analysis of Military Spending and Economic Growth
The 26 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedUS Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA). November 1991.World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1990, November, 2Washington, DC: US ACDA/US Government Printing Office.
no DOI — not checkedUS Department of State. June 2002.World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1999–2000June, 2–3. Washington, DC
no DOI — not checkedI use the terms military and defence spending/expenditure/outlays/budget/burden interchangeably. as well as ‘milex,’ the common shorthand for military expenditure. Likewise, economic growth and (socio)economic development are alternative terms
no DOI — not checkedCIT0004
no DOI — not checkedThe political economy of defense
no DOI — not checkedWorld Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1986
no DOI — not checkedWhat causes war?
no DOI — not checkedHandbook of defense economics
no DOI — not checkedDunne. 439 op cit
no DOI — not checkedMaking peace pay
no DOI — not checkedMaking peace pay23
no DOI — not checkedLooney, R E. 1995.The economics of Third World defense expenditures, 218Greenwich, Conn and London: JAI Press.
no DOI — not checkedThe economics of Third World defense expenditures219
no DOI — not checkedThe political economy of defense spending around the world
no DOI — not checkedCIT0022
no DOI — not checkedCIT0023
no DOI — not checkedGleditsch, N P, De Soysa, I, Lindgren, G, Smit, S and Mouhleb, N.Making peace pay25–45. 5765–67. 89–108. 114117–118. 125–126.
no DOI — not checkedMilitary expenditures and socio-economic development in Africa
no DOI — not checkedMilitary expenditures and socio-economic development in Africa234–325.
no DOI — not checkedThe role of military expenditures in the African economic crisis
no DOI — not checkedCIT0033
no DOI — not checkedThe peace dividend
no DOI — not checkedCIT0041
no DOI — not checkedThird World military expenditure: Determinants and implications
no DOI — not checkedCIT0043
no DOI — not checkedCIT0044
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