Reference health
Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods
2 of 45 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-03
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
33 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.2307/2290687
does not resolve to a known work10.2307/2685366
The 43 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00854.x
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AND THEORIES OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS*
resolves10.2307/2094935
Social Inequality and Predatory Criminal Victimization: An Exposition and Test of a Formal Theory
resolves10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00355.x
Fear of Crime in Urban Residential Neighborhoods: Implications of Between- and Within-Neighborhood Sources for Current Models
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00825.x
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND CRIME PREVENTION IN THE DEVELOPINGMETROPOLIS*
resolves10.5040/9798216990543.ch-003
Informal Social Control and Crime Prevention in Modern Urban Neighborhoods
resolves10.1086/229381
Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates: Are There Any Invariances Across Time and Social Space?
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01252.x
CONTROLLING DRUG AND DISORDER PROBLEMS: THE ROLE OF PLACE MANAGERS*
resolves10.2307/2580317
Violent Crime and the Spatial Dynamics of Neighborhood Transition: Chicago, 1970-1990
resolves10.2307/3005693
Sweet Mothers and Gangbangers: Managing Crime in a Black Middle-Class Neighborhood
resolves10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80294-4
The physical environment of street blocks and resident perceptions of crime and disorder: implications for theory and measurement
resolves10.1007/BF02511883
Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications
resolves10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80213-0
The physical environment of street crime: Defensible space, territoriality and incivilities
resolves10.1177/0049124199028002001
Assessing Direct and Indirect Effects in Multilevel Designs with Latent Variables
resolves10.1111/0081-1750.00059
1. Ecometrics: Toward a Science of Assessing Ecological Settings, with Application to the Systematic Social Observation of Neighborhoods
resolves10.2307/2580354
Perceived Risk versus Fear of Crime: Empirical Evidence of Conceptually Distinct Reactions in Survey Data
resolves10.2307/2095822
Local Friendship Ties and Community Attachment in Mass Society: A Multilevel Systemic Model
resolves10.2307/827739
Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences
resolves10.1126/science.277.5328.918
Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy
resolves10.2307/1143015
Homogeneous Victim-Offender Populations: A Review and Some Research Implications
resolves10.1177/107808749503100106
Street Blocks with more Nonresidential Land Use have more Physical Deterioration
resolves10.1177/0022427897034001006
Social Order and Disorder of Street Blocks and Neighborhoods: Ecology, Microecology, and the Systemic Model of Social Disorganization
resolves10.1177/0022427884021004003
Block Crime and Fear: Defensible Space, Local Social Ties, and Territorial Functioning
The 33 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedBellair, Paul. 1997. "Informal Surveillance and Street Crime: Disentangling Reciprocal Effects." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Toronto, August.
no DOI — not checkedp_4_4
no DOI — not checkedBryk, Anthony, and Stephen Raudenbush. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
no DOI — not checkedBryk, Anthony, Stephen Raudenbush, Richard Congdon, and M. Seltzer. 1996. HLM: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling with the HLM/2L and HLM/3L Programs. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
no DOI — not checkedBursik, Robert J., Jr., and Harold Grasmick. 1993. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control. New York: Lexington.
no DOI — not checkedCarr, Patrick J. 1998. "Keeping Up Appearances: Informal Social Control in a White Working-Class Neighborhood in Chicago." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago, Department of Sociology.
no DOI — not checkedCarter, Woody, Jody Dougherty, and Karen Grigorian. 1996. "Videotaping Neighborhoods." Working paper. University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center.
no DOI — not checkedFisher, Franklin, and Daniel Nagin. 1978. "On the Feasibility of Identifying the Crime Function in a Simultaneous Model of Crime Rates and Sanction Levels." Pp. 361- 99 in Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates, edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel Nagin. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
no DOI — not checkedp_18_18
no DOI — not checkedGoffman, Erving. 1963. Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. New York: Free Press.
no DOI — not checkedHanushek, Eric, and J. Jackson. 1977. Statistical Methods for Social Scientists. New York: Academic.
no DOI — not checkedHearn, Frank. 1997. Moral Order and Social Disorder: The American Search for Civil Society. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
no DOI — not checkedHunter, Albert. 1985. "Private, Parochial and Public Social Orders: The Problem of Crime and Incivility in Urban Communities." Pp. 230-42 in The Challenge of Social Control: Citizenship and Institution Building in Modern Society, edited by Gerald Suttles and Mayer Zald. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing.
no DOI — not checkedJacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
no DOI — not checkedJoreskog, Karl G., and Dag Sorbom. 1993. LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
no DOI — not checkedKelling, George. 1998. "Crime Control, the Police, and Culture Wars: Broken Windows and Cultural Pluralism." Paper presented at the National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C., December.
no DOI — not checkedKelling, George, and Catherine Coles. 1996. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. New York: Free Press.
no DOI — not checkedKornhauser, Ruth Rosner. 1978. Social Sources of Delinquency: An Appraisal of Analytic Models. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
no DOI — not checkedLofland, Lyn. 1973. A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space. New York: Basic Books.
no DOI — not checkedMorenoff, Jeffrey. 1999. "Unraveling Paradoxes in Public Health: Race and Ethnic Group Differences in Pregnancy Outcomes and the Neighborhood Context of Health." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago, Department of Sociology.
no DOI — not checkedNORC (National Opinion Research Center). 1995. PHDCN Project 4709. Systematic Social Observation Coding Manual, June 1995. Chicago: NORC.
no DOI — not checkedPark, Robert E., and Ernest Burgess. 1921. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
no DOI — not checkedRaudenbush Stephen W. 1995. "Hierarchical Linear Models to Study the Effects of Social Context on Development." Pp. 165-201 in The Analysis of Change, edited by J. Gottman. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
no DOI — not checkedSkogan, Wesley. 1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Cities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
no DOI — not checkedSkogan, Wesley, and Michael Maxfield. 1981. Coping with Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
no DOI — not checkedTaub, Richard, D. Garth Taylor, and Jan Dunham. 1984. Paths of Neighborhood Change: Race and Crime in Urban America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
no DOI — not checked- 1999. "The Incivilities Thesis: Theory, Measurement, and Policy." In Measuring What Matters. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, in press.
no DOI — not checkedp_69_69
no DOI — not checkedWhyte, William F. 1943. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
no DOI — not checkedWhyte, William H. 1988. City: Rediscovering the Center. New York: Doubleday.
no DOI — not checkedp_75_75
no DOI — not checkedWilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
no DOI — not checkedWright, Richard, and Scott Decker. 1997. Armed Robbers in Action: Stickups and Street Culture. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-08-03 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
Embed this badge
Both snippets point at the live badge image and link back to this page. The badge re-renders from the daily check, so an embed never goes stale by more than a day of visits.
<a href="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1086/210356"><img src="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1086/210356/badge.svg" alt="CiteStamped reference-health badge" width="460" height="64"></a>
[](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1086/210356)