Reference health
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts
16/16 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-02
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
21 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 16 checked references that resolve
resolves10.2307/3053987
Sentencing under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Effects of Defendant Characteristics, Guilty Pleas, and Departures on Sentence Outcomes for Drug Offenses, 1991–1992
resolves10.1086/467426
Measuring Interjudge Sentencing Disparity: Before and After the Federal Sentencing Guidelines
resolves10.1257/jep.12.2.63
Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender
resolves10.2307/3053080
Extra-Legal Attributes and Criminal Sentencing: An Assessment of a Sociological Viewpoint
resolves10.2307/1144166
The Effect of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines on Inter-Judge Sentencing Disparity
resolves10.2307/2095079
Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence with Additional Evidence on the Death Penalty
resolves10.1086/467425
Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Do Defendants Bargain in the Shadow of the Judge?
resolves10.1016/S0144-8188(97)00023-9
Does inter-judge disparity really matter? An analysis of the effects of sentencing reforms in three federal district courts
The 21 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedrf4
no DOI — not checkedCauses, Prevention, and Control.
no DOI — not checkedrf6
no DOI — not checkedTennessean (September 24
no DOI — not checkedrf9
no DOI — not checkedCrime and Justice.
no DOI — not checkedNew York Times (November 16
no DOI — not checkedSentencing in the Federal Courts: Does Race Matter? Washington
no DOI — not checkedrf22
no DOI — not checkedCrime and Justice.
no DOI — not checkedrf25
no DOI — not checkedrf26
no DOI — not checkedrf28
no DOI — not checkedrf29
no DOI — not checkedFear of Judging: Sentencing Guidelines in the Federal Courts
no DOI — not checkedPrinciples of Criminology
no DOI — not checkedSentencing the Offender: A Bibliography
no DOI — not checkedSentencing Matters
no DOI — not checkedThe Sentencing Commission and Its Guidelines
no DOI — not checkedWashington
no DOI — not checked5th release. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Sentencing Commissioner [producer]
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-08-02 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
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