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Racial and Sex Disparities in Prison Sentences: The Effect of District‐Level Judicial Demographics
1 of 18 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-03
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
15 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1093/sf/77.3.1163
The 17 checked references that resolve
resolves10.2307/3053987
Sentencing under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Effects of Defendant Characteristics, Guilty Pleas, and Departures on Sentence Outcomes for Drug Offenses, 1991–1992
resolves10.1086/467426
Measuring Interjudge Sentencing Disparity: Before and After the Federal Sentencing Guidelines
resolves10.1086/467960
Politics and the Judiciary: The Influence of Judicial Background on Case Outcomes
resolves10.1086/380411
Do the Sentencing Guidelines Influence the Retirement Decisions of Federal Judges?
resolves10.2307/797418
Judicial Partisanship and Obedience to Legal Doctrine: Whistleblowing on the Federal Courts of Appeals
resolves10.2307/3115107
Attorney Expertise, Litigant Success, and Judicial Decisionmaking in the U.S. Courts of Appeals
resolves10.2307/1144166
The Effect of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines on Inter-Judge Sentencing Disparity
resolves10.1086/467425
Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Do Defendants Bargain in the Shadow of the Judge?
resolves10.1086/320276
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts
resolves10.2307/2132146
A Reappraisal of Diversification in the Federal Courts: Gender Effects in the Courts of Appeals
resolves10.2307/2657543
Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who is Punished More Harshly?
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
THE INTERACTION OF RACE, GENDER, AND AGE IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING: THE PUNISHMENT COST OF BEING YOUNG, BLACK, AND MALE
The 15 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedThe Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime and Justice
no DOI — not checkedSex and Race on Judicial Decision Making on the United States Courts of Appeals
no DOI — not checkedrf8
no DOI — not checkedrf9
no DOI — not checkedrf11
no DOI — not checkedrf12
no DOI — not checkedCarlson
no DOI — not checkedrf17
no DOI — not checkedRacial and Gender Disparities in Prison Sentences: The Effect of District‐Level Judicial Demographics. Northwestern Law and Economics Research Paper No. 04‐03
no DOI — not checkedrf22
no DOI — not checkedrf27
no DOI — not checkedCabranes
no DOI — not checkedRacial Justice: Black Judges and Defendants in an Urban Trial Court. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
no DOI — not checkedD.C.: U.S. Sentencing Commission (producer)
no DOI — not checkedThe End of the Rainbow: Understanding Turnover among Federal Judges. American Law and Economics Review (forthcoming
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