Reference health
Childhood socioeconomic status moderates genetic predisposition for peak smoking
66/66 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-06
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
17 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 66 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1257/000282802762024520
Economic Status and Health in Childhood: The Origins of the Gradient
resolves10.1038/s41562-016-0005
Childhood forecasting of a small segment of the population with large economic burden
resolves10.2307/2061741
Educational Inequality in Adult Mortality: An Assessment with Death Certificate Data from Michigan
resolves10.1257/aer.103.6.2087
The Effect of Education on Adult Mortality and Health: Evidence from Britain
resolves10.1257/aer.98.4.1605
The Relationship between Economic Status and Child Health: Evidence from the United States
resolves10.1002/pam.21805
Early-Life Origins of Life-Cycle Well-Being: Research and Policy Implications
resolves10.1257/000282803322655563
Socioeconomic Status and Child Health: Why Is the Relationship Stronger for Older Children?
resolves10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238828.013.0007
Socioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms
resolves10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.002
Investing in early human development: Timing and economic efficiency
resolves10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020191
A Critical Review of the First 10 Years of Candidate Gene-by-Environment Interaction Research in Psychiatry
resolves10.1073/pnas.1121241109
Socioeconomic gradients in child development in very young children: Evidence from India, Indonesia, Peru, and Senegal
resolves10.1371/journal.pone.0050576
Why Have Tobacco Control Policies Stalled? Using Genetic Moderation to Examine Policy Impacts
resolves10.1038/ijo.2014.156
Does the FTO gene interact with the socioeconomic status on the obesity development among young European children? Results from the IDEFICS study
resolves10.1371/journal.pmed.0020266
Will Nicotine Genetics and a Nicotine Vaccine Prevent Cigarette Smoking and Smoking-Related Diseases?
resolves10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.124
Increased Genetic Vulnerability to Smoking at CHRNA5 in Early-Onset Smokers
resolves10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00053-8
A multivariate genetic analysis of the use of tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine in a population based sample of male and female twins
resolves10.1007/s10519-011-9504-z
Editorial Policy on Candidate Gene Association and Candidate Gene-by-Environment Interaction Studies of Complex Traits
resolves10.1007/BF02888801
Marshaling the evidence for greater regulation and control of tobacco products: A call for action
resolves10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.006
Gene × Environment Interaction Studies Have Not Properly Controlled for Potential Confounders: The Problem and the (Simple) Solution
resolves10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.003
The contribution of material, psychosocial, and behavioral factors in explaining educational and occupational mortality inequalities in a nationally representative sample of South Koreans: Relative and absolute perspectives
resolves10.1023/A:1021618719735
The Genetics of Smoking Initiation and Quantity Smoked in Dutch Adolescent and Young Adult Twins
resolves10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.001.0001
A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology
resolves10.1017/S0033291703001582
Defining nicotine dependence for genetic research: evidence from Australian twins
resolves10.1177/0003122415590627
Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Historical Context, and Genetic Inheritance in Shaping Body Mass in Middle and Late Adulthood
resolves10.1038/ng.572
Meta-analysis and imputation refines the association of 15q25 with smoking quantity
resolves10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.009
Genetic vulnerability to diabetes and obesity: Does education offset the risk?
resolves10.1111/0034-6527.00329
The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States
resolves10.1016/j.ejca.2003.10.018
Inequalities in lung cancer mortality by the educational level in 10 European populations
resolves10.1093/aje/kwx227
Current Challenges and New Opportunities for Gene-Environment Interaction Studies of Complex Diseases
resolves10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x
Epigenetics and the Biological Definition of Gene × Environment Interactions
resolves10.1038/tp.2013.63
Interaction between polygenic risk for cigarette use and environmental exposures in the Detroit neighborhood health study
resolves10.2105/AJPH.2013.301382
Genetic Differential Sensitivity to Social Environments: Implications for Research
resolves10.1136/jech.57.9.681
Socioeconomic position in early life, birth weight, childhood cognitive function, and adult mortality. A longitudinal study of Danish men born in 1953
resolves10.1037/0033-2909.84.2.309
Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior.
resolves10.1038/ng1847
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
resolves10.1086/519795
PLINK: A Tool Set for Whole-Genome Association and Population-Based Linkage Analyses
resolves10.1177/0956797614545132
Replicability and Robustness of Genome-Wide-Association Studies for Behavioral Traits
resolves10.1353/dem.0.0119
Social, behavioral, and biological factors, and sex differences in mortality
resolves10.1007/s10519-015-9739-1
The Long-Term Consequences of Vietnam-Era Conscription and Genotype on Smoking Behavior and Health
resolves10.1001/jama.2009.754
Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities
resolves10.1016/S0899-3289(05)80044-6
Smoking and alcohol consumption in adult male twins: Genetic heritability and shared environmental influences
resolves10.1038/ng.571
Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior
resolves10.1038/nature06846
A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease
The 17 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedAlmond, D. and Currie, J. (2011). Human capital development before age five. In Handbook of Labor Economics, November 2009, pages 1315–1486. National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Mass., USA.
no DOI — not checkedHuman development across lives and generations: The potential for change
no DOI — not checkedDHHS, U. (2010). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Center For Disease Control and Prevention (US).
no DOI — not checkedDomingue, B. W. , Conley, D. C. , Fletcher, J. M. , and Boardman, J. D. (2015). Cohort Effects in the Genetic Influence on Smoking. Behavior genetics.
no DOI — not checkedEducational differentials in mortality: United States, 19791985
no DOI — not checkedHauser, P. M. and Kitagawa, E. M. (1973). Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Harvard University Press.
no DOI — not checkedInstitute of Medicine (2015). Examining a Developmental Approach to Childhood Obesity. In Institute of Medicine and National Research Council, Washington, D.C. National Academies Press.
no DOI — not checkedCigarette smoking, use of alcohol, and leisure-time physical activity among same-sexed adult male twins
no DOI — not checkedMcGue, M. (2013). Genomics and the nature of behavioral and social risk. American journal of public health, Suppl 1:S7–9.
no DOI — not checkedEnvironmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome
no DOI — not checkedMeghir, C. , Palme, M. , and Simeonova, E. (2018). Education and Mortality: Evidence from a Social Experiment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.
no DOI — not checkedNutt, D. J. (2007). Drugs and the future: brain science, addiction and society. Elsevier/Academic.
no DOI — not checkedOster, E. (2016). Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedPlomin, R. (1990). Nature and nurture: An introduction to human behavioral genetics. Wadsworth Publishing Compan.
no DOI — not checkedRogers, R. G. , Hummer, R. A. , and Nam, C. B. (2000). Living and dying in the USA: behavioral, health, and social differentials of adult mortality. Academic Press.
no DOI — not checkedRutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK.
no DOI — not checkedTreur, J. L. , Verweij, K. J. , Abdellaoui, A. , Fedko, I. O. , de Zeeuw, E. L. , Ehli, E. A. , Davies, G. E. , Hottenga, J.-J. , Willemsen, G. , Boomsma, D. I. , and Vink, J. M. (2017). Testing Familial Transmission of Smoking With Two Different Research Designs. Nicotine & Tobacco Research.
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-08-06 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
Embed this badge
Both snippets point at the live badge image and link back to this page. The badge re-renders from the daily check, so an embed never goes stale by more than a day of visits.
<a href="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1101/336834"><img src="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1101/336834/badge.svg" alt="CiteStamped reference-health badge" width="460" height="64"></a>
[](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.1101/336834)