Reference health
Do outside independent directors strengthen corporate boards?
18/18 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-03
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
26 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 18 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1016/0883-9026(92)90014-I
The relationship between governance structure and corporate performance in entrepreneurial firms
resolves10.1111/j.1911-3846.1996.tb00489.x
Causes and Consequences of Earnings Manipulation: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC*
resolves10.1002/smj.4250140906
Determinants of corporate restructuring: The relative importance of corporate governance, takeover threat, and free cash flow
resolves10.1080/10293574.1995.10510481
Board Composition, Non-Executive Directors' Characteristics and Corporate Financial Performance
resolves10.1016/0148-2963(88)90072-0
Managerial domination of boards of directors and financial performance
resolves10.1177/014920638901500308
Board of Director Composition, Shareholder Wealth, and Dividend Policy
resolves10.1111/0022-1082.00168
CEO Involvement in the Selection of New Board Members: An Empirical Analysis
resolves10.1016/0165-4101(89)90004-9
An analysis of intertemporal and cross-sectional determinants of earnings response coefficients
resolves10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04022.x
The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems
resolves10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure
The 26 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedBeasley, M. (1996), “An empirical analysis of the relation between board of director composition and financial statement fraud”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 71 No. 4, pp. 443‐65.
no DOI — not checked(The) Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (1992), Internal Control – Integrated Framework, Coopers & Lybrand, New York, NY.
no DOI — not checkedCyert, R., Kang, S.‐H., Kumar, P. and Shah, A. (1997), “Corporate governance and the level of CEO compensation”, working paper, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
no DOI — not checkedFosberg, R. (1989), “Outside directors and managerial monitoring”, Akron Business and Economic Review, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 24‐32.
no DOI — not checkedMcKinsey and Co. (2000), “Good governance pays off: institutions will pay a premium for an independent board”, Investor Relations Business, Vol. 5 No. 14, pp. 1‐16.
no DOI — not checkedMcMullen, D. (1996), “Audit committee performance: an investigation of the consequences associated with audit committees”, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 87‐103.
no DOI — not checkedAmerican Stock Exchange (2002), Enhanced Corporate Governance Rules, American Stock Exchange, New York, NY, September 13, available at: www.amex.com/?href=/atamex/news/am_CorGov.htm.
no DOI — not checkedBeasley, M., Carcello, J. and Hermanson, D. (1999), Fraudulent Financial Reporting, 1987‐1997: An Analysis of US Public Companies, The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, Jersey City, NJ.
no DOI — not checkedBerle, A. Jr and Means, G. (1932), The Modern Corporation and Private Property, The Macmillan Company, New York, NY.
no DOI — not checkedBlue Ribbon Committee (1999), Report and Recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Committee on Improving the Effectiveness of Corporate Audit Committees, New York Stock Exchange and National Association of Securities Dealers, New York, NY.
no DOI — not checked(The) Business Roundtable (2002), Principles of Corporate Governance, The Business Roundtable, Washington, DC, available at: www.businessroundtable.org/pdf/704.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedConference Board Commission on Public Trust and Private Enterprise (2003), Corporate Governance, January 9, Conference Board Commission on Public Trust and Private Enterprise, New York, NY, available at: www.sec.gov/pdf/confboardcptpe.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedCouncil of Institutional Investors (2002), Corporate Governance Policies, Council of Institutional Investors, Washington, DC, March 25, available at: www.cii.org/dcwascii/web.nsf/doc/policies_index.cm.
no DOI — not checkedDavies, P.L. (2000), “The board of directors: composition, structure, duties and powers”, paper presented at Company Law Reform in OECD Countries: A Comparative Outlook of Current Trends, December 7‐8, Stockholm, available at: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/30/1857291.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedInternational Corporate Governance Network (1999), Report of the Corporate Governance Principles Review Committee, International Corporate Governance Network, Frankfurt, July 9, available at: www.icgn.org/documents/globalcorpgov.htm.
no DOI — not checkedKorn/Ferry International (2002), 29th Annual Board of Directors Study – Fortune 1000 Highlights, Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, CA.
no DOI — not checkedMace, M. (1971), Directors: Myth and Reality, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
no DOI — not checkedNASDAQ (2002), Corporate Governance Proposals, NASDAQ, New York, NY, September 13, available at: www.nasdaq.com/about/Corp_Gov_Summary101002.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedNational Association of Corporate Directors (2002), Concerning Reforms in the Aftermath of the Enron Bankruptcy, National Association of Corporate Directors, Washington, DC, May 3, available at: www.nacdonline.org/nacd/enron_recommendations.asp.
no DOI — not checkedNew York Stock Exchange (2002), Corporate Governance Rule Proposals, New York Stock Exchange, New York, NY, available at: www.nyse.com/pdfs/corp_gov_pro_b.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedPatton, A. and Baker, J.C. (1987), “Why won't directors rock the boat?”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 65 No. 6, pp. 10‐18.
no DOI — not checkedScott, W. (1997), Financial Accounting Theory, Prentice‐Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
no DOI — not checkedSecurities and Exchange Commission (2003a), Approval of AMEX Proposed Rule Change, Release No. 34‐48863, Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, DC, December 1, available at: www.amex.com/?href=/atamex/news/am_CorGov.htm.
no DOI — not checkedSecurities and Exchange Commission (2003b), NASD and NYSE Rulemaking: Relating to Corporate Governance, Release No. 34‐48745, Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, DC, November 4, available at: www.sec.gov/rules/sro/34‐48745.htm.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Congress (2002), Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002, 107th Congress of the United States of America, H.R. 3763, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
no DOI — not checkedUS House of Representation (1988), SEC Responses to the Treadway Commission Report: A Study Prepared for the Use of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
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