Reference health

The Degree of Disadvantage

https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213503100
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24/24 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-26

Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.

38 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.

The 24 checked references that resolve
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A Theory of the Stability of Punishment
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The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents
resolves10.1007/BF02873446
Illusions of Black Economic Progress
resolves10.2307/2673258
American Schooling and Educational Inequality: A Forecast for the 21st Century
resolves10.1177/0038040711431587
Intergenerational Educational Effects of Mass Imprisonment in America
resolves10.1162/rest.2010.12366
The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels
resolves10.1177/003804070908200404
Another Way Out: The Impact of Juvenile Arrests on High School Dropout
resolves10.1177/0038040712448862
Juvenile Arrest and Collateral Educational Damage in the Transition to Adulthood
resolves10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00632.x
Church Attendance, Social Capital, and Black Voting Participation<sup>*</sup>
resolves10.1017/S0003055400400134
The Myth of the Vanishing Voter
resolves10.7208/chicago/9780226644851.001.0001
Marked
resolves10.1177/000312240406900201
Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration
resolves10.1093/poq/nfp083
Winning the Race: Black Voter Turnout in the 2008 Presidential Election
resolves10.2307/2112784
Maximally Maintained Inequality: Expansion, Reform, and Opportunity in Irish Education, 1921-75
resolves10.1177/1362480600004003007
The New `Peculiar Institution':
resolves10.1177/14624740122228276
Deadly Symbiosis
resolves10.14507/epaa.v13n51.2005
State-level high school completion rates: Concepts, measures, and trends.
resolves10.3102/0013189X07306580
Is the Glass Emptying or Filling Up? Reconciling Divergent Trends in High School Completion and Dropout
resolves10.1177/0049124109339374
Measuring High School Graduation Rates at the State Level
resolves10.1086/298244
The Employment of Black Men
resolves10.1086/210135
How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution
resolves10.1177/001979390005400101
Incarceration and Racial Inequality in Men's Employment
resolves10.1086/432780
Black‐White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration
resolves10.1162/DAED_a_00019
Incarceration &amp; social inequality
The 38 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedThe New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness
no DOI — not checkedAmerica becoming: Racial trends and their consequences
no DOI — not checkedThe American occupational structure
no DOI — not checkedSchooling in capitalist America
no DOI — not checkedChild Trends. 2003. High school dropout rates: The gap narrows between blacks and whites. Washington, DC: Child Trends. Available from http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/indicators/1HighSchoolDropout.cfm.
no DOI — not checkedbibr9-0002716213503100
no DOI — not checkedThe race between education and technology
no DOI — not checkedPublic school graduation rates in the United States
no DOI — not checkedEducation and correctional populations
no DOI — not checkedIndicators of children’s well-being
no DOI — not checkedUnequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life
no DOI — not checkedbibr21-0002716213503100
no DOI — not checkedRethinking high school graduation rates and trends
no DOI — not checkedLosing our future: How minority youth are being left behind by the graduation rate crisis
no DOI — not checkedInvisible men: Mass incarceration and the myth of black progress
no DOI — not checkedTechnical report on revised population estimates and NLSY 79 analysis tables for the Pew Public Safety and Mobility Project
no DOI — not checkedOne in 100: Behind bars in America 2008
no DOI — not checkedPew Charitable Trusts. 2009. Opinion poll on economic mobility and the American dream. Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts. Available from http://www.pewstates.org.
no DOI — not checkedSourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. 2008. Table 6.29.2006. Available from http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t6282006.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities. 1991. [United States] (ICPSR 6037). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in Local Jails. 1973. [United States]. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in Local Jails. 1978. [United States] (ICPSR 7751). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in Local Jails. 1983. [United States] (ICPSR 8274). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in Local Jails. 1989. [United States] (ICPSR 9419). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in Local Jails. 1996. [United States] (ICPSR 6858). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in Local Jails. 2002. [United States] (ICPSR 4359). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities. 1997. [United States] (ICPSR 2598). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities. 2004. [United States] (ICPSR 4572). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. 1973. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. 1979. (ICPSR 7856). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. 1986. [United States] (ICPSR 8711). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. 1991. [United States] (ICPSR 6068). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. 1997. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedSurvey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. 2004. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
no DOI — not checkedCounting high school graduates when graduates count: Measuring graduation rates under the high stakes of NCLB
no DOI — not checkedWalmsley Roy. 2011. World prison population list. 9th ed. Available from http://www.prisonstudies.org/images/news\_events/wppl9.pdf.
no DOI — not checkedPrison inmates at midyear 2008—Statistical tables
no DOI — not checkedPunishment and inequality in America
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings, or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.

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