Reference health
The Protection Motivation Model: A Normative Model of Fear Appeals
18/18 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-09
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
21 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 18 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1111/j.1559-1816.1978.tb00781.x
Communicator Similarity, Fear Arousing Communications, and Compliance with Health Care Recommendations<sup>1</sup>
resolves10.1037/h0022089
Effects of fear and specificity of recommendation upon attitudes and behavior.
resolves10.1016/0022-1031(83)90023-9
Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change
resolves10.1016/0022-1031(79)90035-0
Effects of threatening and reassuring components of fear appeals on physiological and verbal measures of emotion and attitudes
resolves10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.596
Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat.
resolves10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00017.x
Beyond Fear Appeals: Negative and Positive Persuasive Appeals to Health and Self‐Esteem
resolves10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1
resolves10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.222
Effects of fear appeals and physiological arousal upon emotion, attitudes, and cigarette smoking.
resolves10.1037/0022-3514.34.1.54
Fear appeals and attitude change: Effects of a threat's noxiousness, probability of occurrence, and the efficacy of coping responses.
resolves10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02343.x
Attribution of Arousal as a Mediator of the Effectiveness of Fear‐Arousing Communications<sup>1</sup>
resolves10.1177/002224297003400207
Psychic Defenses against High Fear Appeals: A Key Marketing Variable
resolves10.1177/002224377000700110
The Relationship between Anxiety and Positive and Negative Advertising Appeals
The 21 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedFolkmanSusan, SchaeferCatherine, and LazarusRichard S. (1979), “Cognitive Processes as Mediators of Stress and Coping,” in Human Stress and Cognition: An Information Processing Approach, HamiltonV., and WarburtonD. M., eds. London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
no DOI — not checkedFriestadM. and ThorsonE. (1985) “The Role of Emotion in Memory for Television Commercials ” paper presented at Mass Communications Division of the International Communication Association Honolulu.
no DOI — not checkedGoffmanErving (1971), Relations in Public. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
no DOI — not checkedJanisI. (1967), “Effects of Fear Arousal on Attitude Change: Recent Developments in Theory and Experimental Research,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 3, BerkowitzL., ed. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 166–224.
no DOI — not checkedKantrowitzB., BrooksH., SpringenK., TuckerI., MahlowitzR., and MilsteinM. (1987), “The Year of Loving Dangerously,” Newsweek on Campus (April), 12–20.
no DOI — not checkedKingKaren Whitehall, and ReidLeonard N. (1987), “Fear Arousing Anti-Drinking and Driving PSAs: Do Physical Injury Threats Influence Young Adults?” working paper, University of Georgia.
no DOI — not checkedLazarusRichard S. (1968), “Emotions and Adaptation: Conceptual and Empirical Relations,” in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ArnoldW. J., ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 175–266.
no DOI — not checkedLazarusRichard S. (1975), “The Self-Regulation of Emotion,” in Emotions: Their Parameters and Measurement, LeviL., ed. New York: Raven Press.
no DOI — not checkedLazarusRichard S., and FolkmanSusan (1984), Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing Co., Inc.
no DOI — not checkedLeventhalHoward (1970), “Findings and Theory in the Study of Fear Communications,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 5, BerkowitzL., ed. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 119–86.
no DOI — not checkedLiuScott S., and StoutPatricia A. (1987a), “The Effects of Message Modality and Appeal and the Roles of Emotional and Cognitive Responses on the Acceptance of Advertising Messages,” Proceedings of the American Academy of Advertising, 59.
no DOI — not checkedMandlerG. (1979), “Emotion,” in The First Century of Experimental Psychology, HearstE., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
no DOI — not checkedMasonMary Ann (1985), “Drinking and Driving Fear Appeals in Public Service Announcements: An Exploratory Test of Effectiveness,” unpublished MA thesis, The University of Georgia.
no DOI — not checkedMausnerB., and PlattE. (1970), Smoking: A Behavioral Analysis. New York: Pergamon Press.
no DOI — not checkedRayMichael L., and BatraRajeev (1983), “Emotion and Persuasion in Advertising: What We Do and Don't Know About Affect,” in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 10, BagozziRichard, and TyboutAlice M., eds. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 543–8.
no DOI — not checkedRogersRonald W. (1983), “Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation,” in Social Psychophysiology, CacioppoJohn, and PettyRichard, eds. New York: Guilford Press, 153–76.
no DOI — not checkedRogersRonald W. (1987) personal letter.
no DOI — not checkedRotfeldHerbert J. (1988), “Fear Appeals and Persuasion: Assumptions and Errors in Advertising Research,” in Current Issues and Research in Advertising, LeighJames, and MartinClaude R.Jr., eds. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, 21–40.
no DOI — not checkedSchererK. R. (1984), “Emotion as a Multicomponent Process: A Model and Some Cross Cultural Data,” in Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 5, SchererP., ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 37–63.
no DOI — not checkedSuttonStephen R. (1982), “Fear-Arousing Communications: A Critical Examination of Theory and Research,” in Social Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, EiserRichard, ed. London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
no DOI — not checkedTannerJohn F., DayEllen, and CraskMelvin R. (1988), “Protection Motivation Theory: An Alternative to Fear Appeals in Communication,” in Proceedings of the Southern Marketing Association, SummeyJohn, and HenselPaul, eds. Carbondale, IL: Southern Marketing Association, 41–6.
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