Reference health
The Stability of Implicit Racial Bias in Police Officers
43/43 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-24
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
13 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 43 checked references that resolve
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The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.
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Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot.
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Event-related potentials and the decision to shoot: The role of threat perception and cognitive control
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Implicit Ingroup Favoritism, Outgroup Favoritism, and Their Behavioral Manifestations
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On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals.
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The First Ontological Challenge to the IAT: Attitude or Mere Familiarity?
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Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.
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Inter-device reliability of an automatic-scoring actigraph for measuring sleep in healthy adults
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Explaining the Disparity in Results Across Studies Assessing Racial Disparity in Police Use of Force: A Research Note
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Assessing the racial aspects of police force using the implicit- and counter-bias perspectives
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Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.
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On the propositional nature of cognitive consistency: Dissonance changes explicit, but not implicit attitudes
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Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.
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Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects.
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Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
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Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
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Easier done than undone: Asymmetry in the malleability of implicit preferences.
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A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between the Implicit Association Test and Explicit Self-Report Measures
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Does the “reverse racism effect” withstand the test of police officer fatigue?
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Racial and ethnic bias in decisions to shoot seen through a stronger lens: experimental results from high-fidelity laboratory simulations
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Results from experimental trials testing participant responses to White, Hispanic and Black suspects in high-fidelity deadly force judgment and decision-making simulations
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Police drowsy driving: predicting fatigue-related performance decay
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The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias
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Does the compatibility effect in the race Implicit Association Test reflect familiarity or affect?
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When Fatigue Turns Deadly: The Association Between Fatigue and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot
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Relations among the Implicit Association Test, Discriminatory Behavior, and Explicit Measures of Racial Attitudes
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Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site.
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Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon.
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The Consequences of Race for Police Officers' Responses to Criminal Suspects
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Validity of the salience asymmetry account of the Implicit Association Test: Reply to Greenwald, Nosek, Banaji, and Klauer (2005).
The 13 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
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no DOI — not checkedDual process theories in social psychology
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no DOI — not checkedHandbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
no DOI — not checkedAn assessment of deadly force in the Philadelphia Police Department (collaborative reform initiative)
no DOI — not checkedForscher, P., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G. & Nosek, B. A. (2016, May 5).
A meta-analysis of change in implicit bias
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no DOI — not checkedFridell, L. (2016).
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no DOI — not checkedGoff, P. A., Lloyd, T., Geller, A., Raphael, S. & Glaser, J. (2016).
The science of justice: Race, arrests, and police use of force
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no DOI — not checkedFinal report for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police F-Division Fatigue Management Training Program
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