Reference health
From ‘natural selection’ to ‘survival of the fittest’: On the significance of Spencer’s refashioning of Darwin in the 1860s
14/14 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-10
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
44 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 14 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1007/s10739-011-9270-z
A Life More Ordinary: The Dull Life but Interesting Times of Joseph Dalton Hooker
resolves10.1177/1468795X10385184
Energy and society: Herbert Spencer’s ‘energetic sociology’ of social evolution and beyond
resolves10.1111/1467-954X.00405
Free Agent or ‘Conscious Automaton’? Contrasting Interpretations of the Individual in Spencer's Writing on Social and Moral Life
resolves10.7208/chicago/9780226149516.001.0001
Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior
The 44 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedSocial Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought
no DOI — not checkedEvolution: The History of an Idea
no DOI — not checkedAn Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy
no DOI — not checkedOn the Origin of Species
no DOI — not checkedThe Origin of Species
no DOI — not checkedDarwin
no DOI — not checkedSocial Darwinism
no DOI — not checkedThe Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer
no DOI — not checkedThe Derby Philosophers
no DOI — not checkedHerbert Spencer: Critical Assessments
no DOI — not checkedThe Political Philosophy of Herbert Spencer: Individualism and Organicism
no DOI — not checkedPrinciples of Geology
no DOI — not checkedA Hundred Years of Philosophy
no DOI — not checkedHerbert Spencer: The Evolution of a Sociologist
no DOI — not checkedHuman Nature after Darwin
no DOI — not checkedbibr24-1468795X13491646
no DOI — not checkedSocial Statics
no DOI — not checkedbibr29-1468795X13491646
no DOI — not checkedFirst Principles
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Biology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Biology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Biology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Psychology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Psychology
no DOI — not checkedThe Study of Sociology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Sociology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Psychology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Sociology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Sociology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Sociology
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Sociology
no DOI — not checkedVarious Fragments
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Biology
no DOI — not checkedFirst Principles
no DOI — not checkedEssays: Scientific, Political and Speculative
no DOI — not checkedEssays: Scientific, Political and Speculative
no DOI — not checkedEssays: Scientific, Political and Speculative
no DOI — not checkedAn Autobiography
no DOI — not checkedThe Principles of Ethics
no DOI — not checkedThe Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer
no DOI — not checkedThe Man versus The State
no DOI — not checkedThe Philosophy of Herbert Spencer
no DOI — not checkedEqual Freedom and Utility: Herbert Spencer’s Liberal Utilitarianism
no DOI — not checkedDarwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture
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carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-08-10 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
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