Reference health
False Equivalence: Are Liberals and Conservatives in the United States Equally Biased?
1 of 76 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-07-31
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
25 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1017/S0140525X1400043
The 75 checked references that resolve
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Comment on Kahan and Corbin: Can polarization increase with actively open-minded thinking?
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Feeling the future: Experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect.
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Does Partisanship Shape Attitudes toward Science and Public Policy? The Case for Ideology and Religion
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The Social Structure of Political Echo Chambers: Variation in Ideological Homophily in Online Networks
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Partisan Bias and the Bayesian Ideal in the Study of Public Opinion
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Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs.
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Are Conservatives Really More Simple‐Minded than Liberals? The Domain Specificity of Complex Thinking
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Finding the Loch Ness Monster: Left‐Wing Authoritarianism in the United States
resolves10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.004
The ideologically objectionable premise model: Predicting biased political judgments on the left and right
resolves10.1017/S1930297500005131
Reflective liberals and intuitive conservatives: A look at the Cognitive Reflection Test and ideology
resolves10.1177/1745691617746796
At Least Bias Is Bipartisan: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Partisan Bias in Liberals and Conservatives
resolves10.1016/S0065-2601(01)80004-6
A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice
resolves10.1177/0146167214538672
Political Conservatives’ Affinity for Obedience to Authority Is Loyal, Not Blind
resolves10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.003
Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another's opinions
resolves10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x
Politically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Selective Exposure Debate
resolves10.1111/jcom.12105
Partisan Paths to Exposure Diversity: Differences in Pro- and Counterattitudinal News Consumption
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Epistemic beliefs’ role in promoting misperceptions and conspiracist ideation
resolves10.1016/j.intell.2010.12.001
Cognitive ability, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation: A five-year longitudinal study amongst adolescents
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Selective Exposure to Campaign Communication: The Role of Anticipated Agreement and Issue Public Membership
resolves10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730018.013.0041
“Hot” Political Cognition: Its Self-, Group-, and System-Serving Purposes
resolves10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0418
The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 2: Unanswered Questions
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Systematic Subjectivity: How Subtle Biases Infect the Scholarship Review Process
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The Influence of Prior Beliefs on Scientific Judgments of Evidence Quality
resolves10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.
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Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence.
resolves10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00680.x
Citizens' Perceptions of Ideological Bias in Research on Public Policy Controversies
resolves10.1111/ajps.12234
Conspiracy Endorsement as Motivated Reasoning: The Moderating Roles of Political Knowledge and Trust
resolves10.1371/journal.pone.0059837
“Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations
resolves10.1002/per.2027
The Association of Cognitive Ability with Right–Wing Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice: A Meta–Analytic Review
resolves10.2139/ssrn.3023545
Who Falls for Fake News? The Roles of Analytic Thinking, Motivated Reasoning, Political Ideology, and Bullshit Receptivity
resolves10.1371/journal.pone.0153419
Misperceiving Bullshit as Profound Is Associated with Favorable Views of Cruz, Rubio, Trump and Conservatism
resolves10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.342
Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking.
resolves10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.018
Is ideology the enemy of inquiry? Examining the link between political orientation and lack of interest in novel data
resolves10.1111/ssqu.12138
How Party Affiliation Conditions the Experience of Dissonance and Explains Polarization and Selective Exposure*
resolves10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60017-9
The Flexible Correction Model: The Role of Naive Theories of Bias in Bias Correction
resolves10.1017/S1930297500005684
The relationship between cognitive style and political orientation depends on the measures used
resolves10.1073/pnas.1708960115
Cognitive underpinnings of nationalistic ideology in the context of Brexit
The 25 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedThe authoritarian personality
no DOI — not checkedRight-wing authoritarianism
no DOI — not checkedBendery J. (2017 December 5). Roy Moore is fueling a crazy conspiracy theory about George Soros. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/roy-moore-george-soros_us_5a26fb54e4b08220bd787c0d
no DOI — not checkedBenkler Y., Faris R., Roberts H., Zuckerman E. (2017, March 3). Study: Breitbart-led right-wing media ecosystem altered broader media agenda. Columbia Journalism Review, 1(4.1), 7. Retrieved from https://www.cjr.org/analysis/breitbart-media-trump-harvard-study.php
no DOI — not checkedThe party of fear: The American far right from nativism to the militia movement
no DOI — not checkedSocial psychology
no DOI — not checkedThe myth of the rational voter: Why democracies choose bad policies
no DOI — not checkedDunning D. (2016, May 25). The psychological quirk that explains why you love Donald Trump. Politico.com. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/05/donald-trump-supporters-dunning-kruger-effect-213904
no DOI — not checkedCritical psychology: An introduction
no DOI — not checkedGoldberg M., Jost J. T. (2018). Ideological avoidance of belief-discrepant information. Unpublished manuscript, New York University, New York.
no DOI — not checkedHaidt J. (2011, February 11). The bright future of post-partisan social psychology. Edge. Retrieved from https://www.edge.org/conversation/jonathan_haidt-the-bright-future-of-post-partisan-social-psychology
no DOI — not checkedThe paranoid style in American politics and other essays
no DOI — not checkedJost J. T. (2011). Commentary on J. Haidt’s “The bright future of post-partisan social psychology.” Edge. Retrieved from https://www.edge.org/conversation/jonathan_haidt-the-bright-future-of-post-partisan-social-psychology#22212
no DOI — not checkedJost J. T., Hunyady O. (2018, Spring). Mass psychology in the age of Trump. Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, 48. Retrieved from https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/48/mass-psychology-in-the-age-of-trump
no DOI — not checkedAdvances in motivation science
no DOI — not checkedThe psychology of justice and legitimacy: The Ontario symposium
no DOI — not checkedThe motivation-cognition interface: From the lab to the real world: A Festschrift in honor of Arie W. Kruglanski
no DOI — not checkedLeonhardt S., Thompson S. A. (2017, December 14). Trump’s lies. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com//interactive//2017/06/23/opinion/trumps-lies.html
no DOI — not checkedLipset S. M., Raab E. (1978). The politics of unreason: Right-wing extremism in America, 1790–1977 (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
no DOI — not checkedMarwick A., Lewis R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute. Retrieved from https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf
no DOI — not checkedThe republican brain: The science of why they deny science—and reality
no DOI — not checkedNational Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2012, January 13). NASA finds 2012 sustained long-term climate warming trend (NASA Headquarters Release No. 13-021). Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012-temps.html
no DOI — not checkedPerkins D., Bushey B., Faraday M. (1986). Learning to reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved from http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/~baron/aot/perkins1986.pdf
no DOI — not checkedRobbins J. (2017, December 1). Brexit voters and Britain First supporters are more likely to believe conspiracy theories. International Business Times. Retrieved from https://amp.ibtimes.co.uk/brexit-voters-britain-first-supporters-are-more-likely-believe-conspiracy-theories-1649106
no DOI — not checkedVoeten E. (2012, June 6). Science, genetics, and polarization [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://themonkeycage.org/2012/06/science-genetics-and-polarization/
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