Reference health
Twenty years and still counting: including women as participants and studying sex and gender in biomedical research
40/40 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-22
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
45 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 40 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.868307
Representation of Women in Randomized Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
resolves10.1002/cncr.28168
Inclusion of minorities and women in cancer clinical trials, a decade later: Have we improved?
resolves10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114385
CORRELATES OF CHANGE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL ESTROGEN USE IN A POPULATION-BASED STUDY
resolves10.1001/jama.1979.03290460031015
Heart Disease Risk Factors and Hormone Use in Postmenopausal Women
resolves10.1001/jama.288.3.321
Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial
resolves10.1056/NEJM198907203210301
Final Report on the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physicians' Health Study
resolves10.1056/NEJMoa050613
A Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women
resolves10.2106/JBJS.E.00218
Does Sex Matter in Musculoskeletal Health?<sbt aid="1021074">The Influence of Sex and Gender on Musculoskeletal Health<cross-ref type="fn" refid="fn1">*</cross-ref></sbt>
resolves10.1371/journal.pmed.0050066
The Reversal of Fortunes: Trends in County Mortality and Cross-County Mortality Disparities in the United States
resolves10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.001
Sex, Gender, and Pain: A Review of Recent Clinical and Experimental Findings
resolves10.1089/jwh.2009.1784
Inclusion of Women and Gender-Specific Analyses in Randomized Clinical Trials of Treatments for Depression
resolves10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968792
Sex/Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
resolves10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.958215
Gender Bias in Studies for Food and Drug Administration Premarket Approval of Cardiovascular Devices
resolves10.1093/ntr/ntu212
Gender Differences in Medication Use and Cigarette Smoking Cessation: Results From the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey
resolves10.1111/add.12647
Stability of smoking status in the US population: a longitudinal investigation
resolves10.1080/14622200802097506
Sex differences in long-term smoking cessation rates due to nicotine patch
resolves10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60781-2
Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
resolves10.1016/j.surg.2014.07.001
Sex bias exists in basic science and translational surgical research
resolves10.1161/01.CIR.0000154568.43333.82
National Study of Physician Awareness and Adherence to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Guidelines
resolves10.1016/j.whi.2007.03.002
Gender Disparities in the Quality of Cardiovascular Disease Care in Private Managed Care Plans
resolves10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.001
Female mice liberated for inclusion in neuroscience and biomedical research
resolves10.1089/jwh.2012.4193
Embedding Concepts of Sex and Gender Health Differences into Medical Curricula
resolves10.1186/2042-6410-4-11
Advancing sex and gender competency in medicine: sex & gender women's health collaborative
resolves10.1016/j.whi.2011.01.003
Policy Implications of a New National Institutes of Health Agenda for Women’s Health Research, 2010–2020
The 45 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedHeinrich J. Women’s Health: Women Sufficiently Represented in New Drug Testing, but FDA Oversight Needs Improvement. In: Report to Congressional Requestors. Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office; 2001.
no DOI — not checkedInstitute of Medicine Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Sex-specific reporting of scientific research: a workshop summary. In: A report by rapporteur Wizemann TM. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2012.
no DOI — not checkedInstitute of Medicine Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences. Exploring the biological contributions to human health: does sex matter? Edited by Wizemann TM, Pardue M-L. Washington,DC: Institute of Medicine; 2001.
no DOI — not checkedNadel MV. National Institutes of Health: problems in implementing policy on women in study populations. In: A hearing of the House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Housing and Consumer Interest, Select Committee on Aging. Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office; 1990.
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women’s Health. Moving into the future with new dimensions and strategies for women’s health research: a vision for 2020 for women’s health research — strategic plan. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2010.
no DOI — not checkedNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Women’s Health Initiative: WHI Background and Overview [ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/index.html ].
no DOI — not checkedShikles JL, Aronovitz LG, Fred E. Yohey J, McClyde JO, Taylor GE. Women’s health: FDA needs to ensure more study of gender differences in prescription drug testing. In: Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office; 1992.
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health. NIH Revitalization Act of 1993. PL 103–43. Subtitle B. 1993.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: guideline for the study and evaluation of gender differences in the clinical evaluation of drugs. Washington, DC: Fed Regist. 1993;58(138):39406–16.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. Drug development and review definitions. Silver Spring, MD; 2010.
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health. Glossary: Research Involving Human Subjects [ http://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/hs/glossary.htm ].
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health. NIH guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research. Washington, DC: Fed Regist. 1994;59:11146-51.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. Investigational new drug applications and new drug applications. Washington, DC: Fed Regist. 1998;68(28):6854–62.
no DOI — not checkedHeinrich J. Women’s health: NIH has increased its efforts to include women in research. In: Report to Congressional Requestors. Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office; 2000.
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health. Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health (BIRCWH) [ http://orwh.od.nih.gov/career/bircwh/index.asp ].
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. Investigational new drug applications; amendment to clinical hold regulations for products intended for life-threatening diseases and conditions. Final rule. Washington, DC: Fed Regist. 2000, 65(106):34963-34971.
no DOI — not checkedHeinrich J. Drug safety: most drugs withdrawn in recent years had greater health risks for women. A letter to The Honorable Tom Harkin, The Honorable Olympia J. Snowe, The Honorable Barbara A. Mikulski, United States Senate, The Honorable Henry Waxman, House of Representatives. Washington DC: United States General Accounting Office; 2001.
no DOI — not checkedBrown D. Life expectancy drops for some U.S. women — historic reversal found in 1000 countries, may be result of smoking and obesity. Washington Post. April 22, 2008.
no DOI — not checkedInstitute of Medicine Board on Health Sciences Policy, Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders. Sex differences and implications for translational neuroscience research workshop summary. In: A report by rapporteurs Pankevich D, Wizemann T, Altevogt BM. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2011.
no DOI — not checkedInstitute of Medicine Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Women’s Health Research. Women’s health research: progress, pitfalls and promise. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2010.
no DOI — not checkedWorld Health Organization. Depression: Fact sheet no. 369 [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ ].
no DOI — not checkedUnited States National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Panel on Understanding Divergent Trends in Longevity in High-Income Countries Committee on Population. Explaining divergent levels of longevity in high-income countries. Edited by Crimmins EM, Preston SH, Cohen B. Washington, DC: National Research Council; 2011.
no DOI — not checkedSafdar B, McGregor AJ, McKee SA, Ali A, Radulescu R, Himelfarb NT, et al. Inclusion of gender in emergency medicine research. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(2):e1–4.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiologic Health, Office of Device Evaluation. Annual Report Fiscal Year 1994. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 1994. p. 1–67.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services FDA. Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012. 2012.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services FDA. Collection, analysis, and availability of demographic subgroup data for FDA-approved medical products. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2013.
no DOI — not checkedStahl, L. Sex matters: drugs can affect sexes differently. 60 Minutes. CBS News; 2014 [ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/sex-matters-drugs-can-affect-sexes-differently ].
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of smoking — 50 years of progress. In: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.
no DOI — not checkedAbramowitz MC, Li T, Morrow M, Anderson PR, Bleicher RJ, Goldstein LJ, et al. History of smoking is associated with younger age at diagnosis of breast cancer. Breast J. 2010;16(4):344–9.
no DOI — not checkedStabenow D, Ayotte K, Baldwin T, Boxer B, Collins SM, Feinstein D, et al. Letter to The Honorable Margaret Hamburg, M.D., U.S. Commissioner of Food and Drugs from the United States Senate. April 30, 2014 [ http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ContentRecord_id=f42d96ad-9fdc-45ff-b3e9-60ea8f43acee ].
no DOI — not checkedCapps L, Herrera Beutler J, Slaughter LM, Brooks SW, DeLauro RL, Moore Capito S, et al. Letter to The Honorable Margaret Hamburg, M.D., U.S. Commissioner of Food and Drugs, from the Congress of the United States. May 28, 2014 [ https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__delauro.house.gov_images_pdf_FDASexSpecific5.28.14.pdf&d=AwIGaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=fxSGiK_0JN-GfW5xsdThK-z2u_DucttxZFtDY769bkQ&m=Dw_2uO8x4GlmZ7Si9aYvVL0O-Gcvp5fp6PvjrqOBupM&s=IqFLJm4miT_fo-zWtJDPvWOxZnUBGaVeGfWrCpTf-Lw&e= ].
no DOI — not checkedWaxman H, Harkin T, Frank Pallone J, Mikulski B, Lowey N, Warren E, et al. A Letter to the Honorable Gene Dodaro, Comptroller General of the United States. Washington, D.C.; April 30, 2014 [ http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/GAO%20WomenTrialParticipation%202014%204%2030.pdf ].
no DOI — not checkedCarter C, Backus J. The Society for Women’s Health Research’s perspective on balancing the sex of animals and cells in preclinical research: a new mandate for federal funding. Part 1. Washington, DC: Society for Women’s Health Research; 2014. p.1-15.
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. Part 15 Public Hearing on Section 907 of FDASIA [ http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/speeches/ucm391328.htm ].
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. FDA action plan to enhance the collection and availability of demographic subgroup data. Food and Drug Administration: Silver Spring, MD; 2014.
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health. The Science of Sex and Gender in Human Health [ https://sexandgendercourse.od.nih.gov ].
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health. Enhancing Reproducibility through Rigor and Transparency [ http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-15-103.html ].
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health. Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in NIH-funded Research [ http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-15-102.html ].
no DOI — not checkedUnited States Congress. House Office of the Legislative Counsel, Committee on Ways and Means, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Committee on Education and Labor. Compilation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: as amended through November 1, 2010 including Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act health-related portions of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office; 2010.
no DOI — not checkedNew York Times Editorial. Why Science Needs Female Mice. New York, NY: The New York Times; 2015. p. 10.
no DOI — not checkedNational Institutes of Health Office for Protection from Research Risks. Criteria for Internal Review Board: title 45. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1991: 46.111.
no DOI — not checkedInstitute of Medicine Division of Health Sciences Policy, Committee on the Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies. Women and health research: ethical and legal issues of including women in clinical studies. Edited by Mastroianni A, Faden R, Federman D, vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Medicine; 1994.
no DOI — not checkedTabak LA. Seeking Comments and Suggestions on NIH-wide Strategic Plan Framework. Bethesda, MD: The NIH Office of Disease Prevention; 2015.
no DOI — not checkedWhitley H, Lindsey W. Sex-based differences in drug activity. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(11):1254–8.
no DOI — not checkedInternational Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. 2014. p. 14.
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