Reference health
How to tell the difference between a model and a digital twin
10/10 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-25
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
13 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 10 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1016/j.procs.2017.09.003
Is Digital Thread/Digital Twin Affordable? A Systemic Assessment of the Cost of DoD’s Latest Manhattan Project
resolves10.1088/0026-1394/53/5/A46
The watt or Kibble balance: a technique for implementing the new SI definition of the unit of mass
resolves10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.059
Assessing fire safety using complex numerical models with a Bayesian multi-fidelity approach
resolves10.1007/s11831-018-9301-4
Virtual, Digital and Hybrid Twins: A New Paradigm in Data-Based Engineering and Engineered Data
The 13 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedDigital Twin—looking behind the buzzwords, April 2018 edition of benchmark magazine. https://www.nafems.org/publications/benchmark/archive/april-2018/. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checked[eBook] Forging the digital twin in discrete manufacturing: a vision for unity in the virtual and real worlds. https://www.lnsresearch.com/research-library/research-articles/ebook-forging-the-digital-twin-in-discrete-manufacturing-a-vision-for-unity-in-the-virtual-and-real-worlds. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedNewcastle’s ‘digital twin’ to help city plan for disasters. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/30/newcastles-digital-twin-to-help-city-plan-for-disasters. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedThe Gemini Principles. Centre for Digital Built Britain. https://www.cdbb.cam.ac.uk/Resources/ResoucePublications/TheGeminiPrinciples.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedStochastics Working Group. What is uncertainty quantification. NAFEMS publication. 2018. https://www.nafems.org/publications/resource_center/wt08/. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedFortier M. Stochastics and its role in robust design. NAFEMS publication. https://www.nafems.org/publications/browse_buy/browse_by_topic/education/r0107/. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedBIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP and OIML. Evaluation of measurement data—guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, JCGM. 2008;100.
no DOI — not checkedBIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP and OIML. Evaluation of measurement data—supplement 1 to the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement—propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology, JCGM. 2008;101.
no DOI — not checkedRasmussen K, et al. Best practice guide to uncertainty evaluation for computationally expensive models. 2015. http://www.mathmet.org/publications/guides/index.php#expensive. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedMetrology for the factory of the future. https://www.ptb.de/empir2018/met4fof/home/. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedCommunication and validation of smart data in IoT-networks. https://www.ptb.de/empir2018/smartcom/home/. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedWikipedia. Hype Cycle. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gartner_Hype_Cycle.svg. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
no DOI — not checkedWikimedia Commons, GNU free documentation license, version 1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:GNU_Free_Documentation_License,_version_1.2. Accessed 19 Feb 2020.
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