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Sperm form and function: what do we know about the role of sexual selection?
1 of 177 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-07-22
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
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References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1093/humupd/dmbib47
The 176 checked references that resolve
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Sexual selection and the temporal separation of reproductive events: sperm storage data from reptiles, birds and mammals
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Selection and utilization of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of the female zebra finch
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Why do Females Make it so Difficult for Males to Fertilize their Eggs?
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Complex interactions with females and rival males limit the evolution of sperm offence and defence
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Direct visualization of sperm competition and sperm storage in Drosophila
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Female × Male Interactions in
<i>Drosophila</i>
Sperm Competition
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Do sexual ornaments demonstrate heightened condition-dependent expression as predicted by the handicap hypothesis?
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Different sperm number in the spermatophores of Orchesella villosa (Geoffroy) (Entomobryidae) and Allacma fusca (L.) (Sminthuridae)
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Resolving mechanisms of short-term competitive fertilization success in the red flour beetle
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COADAPTATION AND TAXONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION OF SPERM AND SPERMATHECAE IN FEATHERWING BEETLES
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MALE-BY-FEMALE INTERACTIONS INFLUENCE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS AND MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POLYANDRY IN THE SEA URCHIN HELIOCIDARIS ERYTHROGRAMMA
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Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Egg-Sperm Interactions in Broadcast-Spawning Invertebrates
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Evolutionary Rate Covariation Identifies New Members of a Protein Network Required for Drosophila melanogaster Female Post-Mating Responses
resolves10.1073/pnas.0809990106
Female promiscuity promotes the evolution of faster sperm in cichlid fishes
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Non-genomic regulation and disruption of spermatozoal in vitro hyperactivation by oviductal hormones
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Associations between body size, mating pattern, testis size and sperm lengths across butterflies
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Sperm Size or Numbers? Effects of Nutritional Stress Upon Eupyrene and Apyrene Sperm Production Strategies in the Moth Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidea)
resolves10.1016/0169-5347(93)90059-X
Mechanisms of sperm competition: Linking physiology and behavioural ecology
resolves10.1387/ijdb.082595mg
Implications of diversity in sperm size and function for sperm competition and fertility
resolves10.1006/anbe.1999.1308
Female-mediated differential sperm storage in a fly with complex spermathecae, Scatophaga stercoraria
resolves10.1006/jtbi.1997.0546
Complex Female Reproductive Tract Morphology: Its Possible Use in Postcopulatory Female Choice
resolves10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00147.x
Evolution of intra-ejaculate sperm interactions: do sperm cooperate?
resolves10.1073/pnas.1111474109
Female reproductive tract form drives the evolution of complex sperm morphology
resolves10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01622.x
Condition-dependent traits as signals of the functionality of vital cellular processes
resolves10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.019
Sperm selection in the female mammalian reproductive tract. Focus on the oviduct: Hypotheses, mechanisms, and new opportunities
resolves10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01633.x
Male–male competition, female mate choice and their interaction: determining total sexual selection
resolves10.1073/pnas.1009059108
Resolving variation in the reproductive tradeoff between sperm size and number
resolves10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb02646.x
THE EVOLUTION OF COSTLY MATE PREFERENCES II. THE “HANDICAP” PRINCIPLE
resolves10.1017/S0006323196005014
VARIATION IN MATE CHOICE AND MATING PREFERENCES: A REVIEW OF CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
resolves10.1093/beheco/arv105
Diet affects ejaculate traits in a lizard with condition-dependent fertilization success
resolves10.1002/ece3.2073
Condition‐dependent ejaculate production affects male mating behavior in the common bedbug<i>Cimex lectularius</i>
resolves10.1016/B978-0-12-372568-4.00008-2
The evolutionary significance of variation in sperm–egg interactions
resolves10.1007/978-94-009-7675-7_60
The Evolution of Mammalian Sperm Motility in the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts
resolves10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60397-6
Why Do Females Mate with Multiple Males? The Sexually Selected Sperm Hypothesis
resolves10.1038/s41559-017-0235-2
A sex-linked supergene controls sperm morphology and swimming speed in a songbird
resolves10.1530/rep.0.1230079
Segregation of spermatozoa within sperm storage tubules of fowl and turkey hens
resolves10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00725.x
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SPERM SWIMMING SPEED BY SPERM COMPETITION AND FEMALE SPERM STORAGE DURATION IN PASSERINE BIRDS
resolves10.1098/rspb.1998.0531
Larger sperm outcompete smaller sperm in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
resolves10.1098/rspb.1999.0631
Evolution of sperm size in nematodes: sperm competition favours larger sperm
resolves10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04817.x
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, SEXUAL SELECTION, AND ADAPTATION IN POLYGENIC CHARACTERS
resolves10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00097-9
Cryopreservation of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) sperm with a practical methodology
resolves10.1111/evo.13372
Ejaculate evolution in external fertilizers: Influenced by sperm competition or sperm limitation?
resolves10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00571.x
SPERM COMPETITION SELECTS BEYOND RELATIVE TESTES SIZE IN BIRDS
resolves10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.059
How Multivariate Ejaculate Traits Determine Competitive Fertilization Success in Drosophila melanogaster
resolves10.1073/pnas.1300954110
Female mediation of competitive fertilization success in
<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>
resolves10.1038/nature18005
How sexual selection can drive the evolution of costly sperm ornamentation
resolves10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8
Ultrastructural Characterization of the Lower Motor System in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease
resolves10.1126/science.1187096
Resolving Mechanisms of Competitive Fertilization Success in
<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>
resolves10.1111/evo.12117
RAPID DIVERSIFICATION OF SPERM PRECEDENCE TRAITS AND PROCESSES AMONG THREE SIBLING<i>DROSOPHILA</i>SPECIES
resolves10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.086
Postcopulatory Sexual Selection Generates Speciation Phenotypes in Drosophila
resolves10.1186/1471-2148-14-148
Fluorescent sperm in a transparent worm: validation of a GFP marker to study sexual selection
resolves10.1530/jrf.0.0390251
THE EFFECT OF RATIOS AND NUMBERS OF SPERMATOZOA MIXED FROM TWO MALES ON PROPORTIONS OF OFFSPRING
resolves10.1111/brv.12022
Do male secondary sexual characters signal ejaculate quality? A meta‐analysis
resolves10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00476.x
Functional significance of seminal receptacle length in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>
resolves10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00799.x
Co‐evolution of male and female reproductive characters across the Scathophagidae (Diptera)
resolves10.1016/j.asd.2006.07.006
Sperm morphology of the neotropical harvestman Iporangaia pustulosa (Arachnida: Opiliones): Comparative morphology and functional aspects
resolves10.1007/s00265-002-0565-0
The effects of male and female genotype on variance in male fertilization success in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
resolves10.1098/rspb.1997.0065
Is sperm really so cheap? Costs of reproduction in male adders,<i>Vipera berus</i>
resolves10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.006
Sperm storage: distinguishing selective processes and evaluating criteria
resolves10.1111/j.1469-185X.1970.tb01176.x
SPERM COMPETITION AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES IN THE INSECTS
resolves10.1016/0022-5193(82)90225-9
Why are there so many tiny sperm? Sperm competition and the maintenance of two sexes
resolves10.1016/B978-0-12-652570-0.50008-7
Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating Strategies
resolves10.1098/rspb.1993.0110
Sperm competition games: sperm size and sperm number under adult control
resolves10.1101/cshperspect.a017509
The Sexual Cascade and the Rise of Pre-Ejaculatory (Darwinian) Sexual Selection, Sex Roles, and Sexual Conflict
resolves10.1016/0022-5193(72)90007-0
The origin and evolution of gamete dimorphism and the male-female phenomenon
resolves10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.03.003
Sperm competition games: Sperm size (mass) and number under raffle and displacement, and the evolution of P2
resolves10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80272-5
Male size and mating success in Drosophila melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura under field conditions
resolves10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01844.x
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE SPERM QUALITY ADVANTAGE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
resolves10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01900.x
Cryptic female choice via sperm dumping favours male copulatory courtship in a spider
resolves10.1098/rspb.2010.0810
Condition-dependent ejaculate size and composition in a ladybird beetle
resolves10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04564.x
EVOLUTION OF MULTIPLE KINDS OF FEMALE SPERM‐STORAGE ORGANS IN<i>DROSOPHILA</i>
resolves10.1098/rspb.1999.0741
Coevolution of sperm and female reproductive tract morphology in stalk–eyed flies
resolves10.1186/1471-2148-10-275
Unlocking the "Black box": internal female genitalia in Sepsidae (Diptera) evolve fast and are species-specific
resolves10.1002/ece3.632
Condition‐dependent expression of pre‐ and postcopulatory sexual traits in guppies
resolves10.1093/icb/icm046
Seminal influences: Drosophila Acps and the molecular interplay between males and females during reproduction
resolves10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091611
An Ecology of Sperm: Sperm Diversification by Natural Selection
resolves10.1098/rspb.1996.0207
The lek paradox and the capture of genetic variance by condition dependent traits
resolves10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01446.x
Co‐evolution of male and female reproductive traits across the Bruchidae (Coleoptera)
resolves10.1007/s00227-004-1314-x
Mating behaviour of the marine turbellarian Macrostomum sp.: these worms suck
resolves10.1098/rspb.1994.0089
Male phenotype, fertility, and the pursuit of extra-pair copulations by female birds
resolves10.1016/B978-012100543-6/50035-0
Sperm Competition in Insects: Mechanisms and the Potential for Selection
resolves10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01628.x
Egg jelly influences sperm motility in the externally fertilizing frog,<i>Crinia georgiana</i>
resolves10.1111/evo.12199
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPERM LENGTH AND SPEED DIFFER AMONG THREE INTERNALLY AND THREE EXTERNALLY FERTILIZING SPECIES
resolves10.1098/rspb.1996.0068
Female reproductive biology and the coevolution of ejaculate characteristics in fish
resolves10.1086/286031
Sperm Competition in Fishes: The Evolution of Testis Size and Ejaculate Characteristics
resolves10.2307/1543196
Waveform Dynamics of Spermatozeugmata During the Transfer From Paternal to Maternal Individuals of <i>Membranipora membranacea</i>
resolves10.1086/284170
Cryptic Female Choice and Its Implications in the Scorpionfly Harpobittacus nigriceps
resolves10.1371/journal.pbio.1001915
Intense Sperm-Mediated Sexual Conflict Promotes Reproductive Isolation in Caenorhabditis Nematodes
resolves10.1098/rstb.2011.0280
The evolution of female ornaments and weaponry: social selection, sexual selection and ecological competition
resolves10.1371/journal.pone.0021244
Mass-Specific Metabolic Rate and Sperm Competition Determine Sperm Size in Marsupial Mammals
resolves10.1016/j.jcz.2006.12.001
The biflagellate spermatozoa of Colostethus marchesianus (Melin, 1941) (Anura, Dendrobatidae) from the type locality and of Colostethus sp. (aff. Marchesianus.) from a different locality: A scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis
resolves10.1126/science.203.4383.916
Dual Function of the Damselfly Penis: Sperm Removal and Transfer
resolves10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80052-2
The intensity of sexual selection in relation to male sexual behaviour, female choice, and sperm precedence
resolves10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03911.x
PERSPECTIVE: INDIRECT MATE CHOICE, COMPETITION FOR MATES, AND COEVOLUTION OF THE SEXES
resolves10.1371/journal.pbio.1001191
Precious Essences: Female Secretions Promote Sperm Storage in Drosophila
resolves10.1086/286006
A "Good-Sperm" Model Can Explain the Evolution of Costly Multiple Mating by Females
resolves10.1111/evo.12208
CRYPTIC CHOICE OF CONSPECIFIC SPERM CONTROLLED BY THE IMPACT OF OVARIAN FLUID ON SPERM SWIMMING BEHAVIOR
resolves10.1007/s00018-008-8230-z
Control of sperm motility and fertility: Diverse factors and common mechanisms
resolves10.1086/BBLv224n3p156
Species-Specificity of Sperm Motility Activation and Chemotaxis: a Study on Ascidian Species
resolves10.1038/srep16096
Modification of sperm morphology during long-term sperm storage in the reproductive tract of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis
The 13 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedComparative spermatology of Araneae
no DOI — not checkedIngenious ideas: the history of behavioral ecology
no DOI — not checkedAn overview of atypical spermatozoa in insects
no DOI — not checkedThe Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
no DOI — not checkedDevelopmental Biology
no DOI — not checkedThe Ultrastructure and Phylogeny of Insect Spermatozoa
no DOI — not checkedFish Evolution and Systematics: Evidence from Spermatozoa
no DOI — not checkedThe Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals
no DOI — not checkedSexual selection and sexual conflict
no DOI — not checkedSexual selection, sensory systems and sensory exploitation
no DOI — not checkedHyperactivation of mammalian sperm
no DOI — not checkedParental investment and sexual selection
no DOI — not checkedComparative spermatology of the CrustaceaEntomostraca. 2 Subclass Ostracoda
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