Reference health
Do Countries Free Ride on MFN?
21/21 checkable references clean · checked 2026-10-11
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
9 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 21 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1016/0165-1765(87)90132-7
Politically realistic objective functions and trade policy PROFs and tariffs
resolves10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00053-9
Trade disputes and the implementation of protection under the GATT: an empirical assessment
resolves10.1016/0022-1996(94)01335-p
Optimal tariffs and the choice of technology Discriminatory tariffs vs. the ‘Most Favored Nation’ clause
resolves10.1111/j.1467-9396.2004.00451.x
Political Externalities, Nondiscrimination, and a Multilateral World
resolves10.1162/003465300558579
Is Protection for Sale? Evidence on the Grossman-Helpman Theory of Endogenous Protection
resolves10.1086/259014
An Economic Theory of Protectionism, Tariff Bargaining, and the Formation of Customs Unions
resolves10.1257/aer.96.3.896
Preferential Trade Agreements as Stumbling Blocks for Multilateral Trade Liberalization: Evidence for the United States
The 9 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedref6
no DOI — not checkedOptimal tariffs: the evidence
no DOI — not checkedTariffs and the most-favored-nation clause: a game theoretic approach
no DOI — not checkedref15
no DOI — not checkedref16
no DOI — not checkedref17
no DOI — not checkedref26
no DOI — not checkedref28
no DOI — not checkedref30
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
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about the quality, findings, or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references
deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-10-11 — re-checked at most once a day, when someone opens this page, so the date shown is the last check; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
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