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Is Justice Blind? An Examination of Disparities in Homicide Sentencing in Colombia, 1980-2000

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1478170
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46/46 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-02

Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.

12 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.

The 46 checked references that resolve
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An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial Discretion
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Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die? An Analysis of Prisoners on Death Row in the United States
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Just Another Crime? Examining Disparity in Homicide Sentencing
resolves10.1177/0093854896023001006
Police Psychology
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The role of victim characteristics in the disposition of murder cases
resolves10.2307/2094178
Socioeconomic Status and Criminal Sentencing: An Empirical Assessment of a Conflict Proposition
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Bail Risk: A Multivariate Analysis
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Does Victim Gender Increase Sentence Severity? Further Explorations of Gender Dynamics and Sentencing Outcomes
resolves10.1023/A:1015258732676
Difference, Disparity, and Race/Ethnic Bias in Federal Sentencing
resolves10.1080/07418820500364668
A Multilevel Analysis of Community Effects on Criminal Sentencing
resolves10.3386/w7676
The Determinants of Punishment: Deterrence, Incapacitation and Vengeance
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00067.x
SEX-BASED DISPARITIES IN FELONY DISPOSITIONS BEFORE VERSUS AFTER SENTENCING REFORM IN OHIO
resolves10.2307/2095541
White-Collar Crime and Punishment: The Class Structure and Legal Sanctioning of Securities Violations
resolves10.3386/w0172
Sample Selection Bias As a Specification Error (with an Application to the Estimation of Labor Supply Functions)
resolves10.1080/07418820400096021
White female victims and death penalty disparity research
resolves10.1177/0093854898025003003
Psychological Aspects of Crime Scene Profiling
resolves10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00023.x
CONTEXTUAL DISPARITIES IN GUIDELINES DEPARTURES: COURTROOM SOCIAL CONTEXTS, GUIDELINES COMPLIANCE, AND EXTRALEGAL DISPARITIES IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING1
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00049.x
THE MULTILEVEL CONTEXT OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING: INTEGRATING JUDGE- AND COUNTY-LEVEL INFLUENCES*
resolves10.1080/07418820200095381
Location, location, location: Interdistrict and intercircuit variation in sentencing outcomes for federal drug-trafficking offenses
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01044.x
RACE, HOMICIDE SEVERITY, AND APPLICATION OF THE DEATH PENALTY: A CONSIDERATION OF THE BARNETT SCALE*
resolves10.1080/07418829100090911
Sex differences in criminal sentencing: Chivalry or patriarchy?
resolves10.1023/A:1011032013115
Have Federal Sentencing Guidelines Reduced Severity? An Examination of One Circuit
resolves10.1177/0306624x03251092
Criminal Psychological Profiling: Validities and Abilities
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00958.x
THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON THE DECISION TO INCARCERATE BEFORE AND AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF SENTENCING GUIDELINES*
resolves10.1080/07418828900090391
Sentencing guidelines: A quantitative comparison of sentencing policies in Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Washington
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1982.tb00435.x
WOMEN, CRIME, AND DEPENDENCY <i>An Application of the Theory of Law</i>
resolves10.1086/261517
Should the Wealthy Be Able to "Buy Justice"?
resolves10.1080/026917299298709
Science, common sense and common law: Courtroom inquiries and the public understanding of science
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00340.x
SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES UNDER DETERMINATE SENTENCING SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON OF PREGUIDELINE AND POSTGUIDELINE PRACTICES IN MINNESOTA*
resolves10.1086/320276
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts
resolves10.2307/3053431
Prosecutorial Discretion in Requesting the Death Penalty: A Case of Victim-Based Racial Discrimination
resolves10.2307/3053803
The Death Penalty and Gender Discrimination
resolves10.1086/425597
Racial and Sex Disparities in Prison Sentences: The Effect of District‐Level Judicial Demographics
resolves10.1007/s10612-005-4798-x
Innocence Commissions: Due Process Remedies and Protection for the Innocent
resolves10.1080/07418829600093141
The effect of offender and victim characteristics on sexual assault case processing decisions
resolves10.1080/07418829700093451
The effect of evidence factors and victim characteristics on prosecutors' charging decisions in sexual assault cases
resolves10.1177/1088767905285510
The Interaction Between Victim Race and Gender on Sentencing Outcomes in Capital Murder Trials
resolves10.1080/07418829500096151
Age differences in sentencing
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
THE INTERACTION OF RACE, GENDER, AND AGE IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING: THE PUNISHMENT COST OF BEING YOUNG, BLACK, AND MALE
resolves10.2307/2657543
Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who is Punished More Harshly?
resolves10.2307/1341977
Sober Second Thoughts: Reflections on Two Decades of Constitutional Regulation of Capital Punishment
resolves10.1177/000271627340700110
Race, Judicial Discretion, and the Death Penalty
resolves10.1023/A:1023076104837
Analytical Rigor in Studies of Disparities in Criminal Case Processing
resolves10.1177/0022427807299825
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resolves10.1007/bf01065251
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resolves10.2307/1340711
Race Bias in the Administration of the Death Penalty: The Florida Experience
The 12 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedRace discrimination and the death penalty in the post Furman era: An empirical and legal overview with preliminary findings from Philadelphia
no DOI — not checkedref7
no DOI — not checkedA comment on the admissibility of forensic evidence
no DOI — not checkedLa criminalidad en Colombia
no DOI — not checkedref37
no DOI — not checkedref38
no DOI — not checkedref39
no DOI — not checkedref40
no DOI — not checkedref43
no DOI — not checkedJudicial fact finding: The trial by judge alone in serious criminal cases
no DOI — not checkedAn analysis of the variables affecting the clearance of homicides: a multistate Study
no DOI — not checkedref58
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings, or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.

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