Reference health
Which Elections Can Be Lost?
31/31 checkable references clean · checked 2026-07-26
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
21 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 31 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1093/wber/15.1.165
New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions
resolves10.1093/jae/12.3.444
Multiparty Competition, Founding Elections and Political Business Cycles in Africa
resolves10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00384.x
Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions
resolves10.1017/s0043887109990207
Defeating Dictators: Electoral Change and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes
resolves10.1017/S0003055401000119
Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992
resolves10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00189.x
Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes
resolves10.1017/s0020818303573040
Democratic Governance and Multinational Corporations: Political Regimes and Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment
resolves10.1177/0010414009355267
Policy Uncertainty in Hybrid Regimes: Evidence From Firm-Level Surveys
resolves10.2307/2669316
Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation
resolves10.1787/533853331362
AUSTRALIA & AUSTRIA & BELGIUM & CANADA & CZECH REPUBLIC & DENMARK & EUROPEAN UNION & FINLAND & FRANCE & GERMANY & GREECE & HUNGARY & ICELAND & IRELAND & ITALY & JAPAN & KOREA
The 21 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
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no DOI — not checkedMeasuring Basic Characteristics of Political Regimes
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no DOI — not checkedConceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices
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no DOI — not checkedElection with Competition Executive Election with Competition Date of Independence Figure 2: Timeline of Elections and Competition 1945-2006 Notes: Not all parliamentary elections involve contestation of the executive office. The only included countries that did not hold at least one election in which the office of the incumbent leader was contested are
no DOI — not checkedref52
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