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One Step Forward, Two Giant Steps Back: How the ‘Existing Indian Family’ Exception (Re)Imposes Anglo American Legal Values on American Indian Tribes to the Detriment of Cultural Autonomy
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Changing kinship systems: a study in the acculturation of the Creeks, Cherokee, and Choctaw
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A Piththy Note to Papists All and Some That joy in Felton's Martirdome, &c.
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A Glimmer of Hope: A Proposal to Keep the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 Intact
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The 286 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
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no DOI — not checkedThe Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma is one of three federally recognized tribes of Choctaws. The others include the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
no DOI — not checkedThe American Indian: Perspectives for the Study of
no DOI — not checkedMatrilocal" indicates a kinship structure in which adult daughters remain with their families
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no DOI — not checkedId. at 62. In the case of the Choctaw, the clans were traditionally matriclans in which descent is traced by the matrilineage. Fred Eggan, Historical Changes in the Choctaw Kinship System
no DOI — not checkedChildren belonged to their mother's [clan], and people were required to marry into the opposite
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no DOI — not checkedPeterson, supra note 58, at 160. Further, Choctaw culture continues in the form of language, dress, dance, and various social activities. Denson, supra note 57. Most Choctaw continue to speak Choctaw at home and "the traditional Choctaw identity based on kinship groups, individual Choctaw communities, and the Choctaws as a language group is continuing
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no DOI — not checkedEncyclopedia of North American Indians, supra note 32, at 646. In 1801, France bought the Louisiana Territory from Spain, later selling it to the United States in 1803. Kidwell, supra note 32, at 120. The Louisiana Purchase effectively isolated the Choctaw from their Spanish allies. Id. To further ensure that Spain was cut off from any allies in the U.S. territory, the United States negotiated a treaty with the Choctaws to acquire land held by the Choctaw along the border of Spanish-held land in Florida
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no DOI — not checkedReinstating Treaty-Making with Native American Tribes, 16 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts
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no DOI — not checkedTribes and Tribulations: Beyond Sovereign Immunity and Toward Reparation and Reconciliation for the Estelusti, 11 Wash. & Lee Race & Ethnic Ancestry L
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no DOI — not checked333; Josephy, supra note 71, at 326; Kidwell, supra note 32
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no DOI — not checkedIn fact, it was the Choctaw's experience that resulted in the removal being named the "Trail of Tears
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no DOI — not checkedThe Mississippi Choctaw were also impacted by the shift of Oklahoma from the Indian Territory to a state in the early 1900s. Peterson, supra note 58, at 141. In preparation for this event, the Dawes Commission, established in 1893, began efforts to bring the tribe into conformity with the Act. Id. The Commission sought to induce those Choctaws still living in Mississippi to move to Oklahoma by allowing them to participate in the land-allocation agreement under the same terms as the Oklahoma Choctaw. Id. The resulting migration of entire communities of Choctaw-who sold their churches and moved as a group-completely disrupted Choctaw society in Mississippi and Oklahoma. Id. Arriving in Oklahoma, many did not receive their land as promised or were unable to keep the land they did receive. Id. Therefore many returned to Mississippi. Id. For those Choctaw who had chosen to remain in Mississippi, their communities were decimated by the disruption
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no DOI — not checkedThe Indians of Mississippi
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no DOI — not checkedIndivisible: American "Indian Country" in the Wake of City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation, 70 Alb
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no DOI — not checked106-462, 114 Stat. 1991); see also Gittinger, supra note 148, at 169-70; After Removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi 85
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no DOI — not checkedThe General Allotment Act, 25 U.S.C.A. � 348, provided that the laws of the state of Kansas regulating descent should apply to all lands in the Indian Territory allotted under the provisions thereof."); see also Peter Nicholas
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no DOI — not checkedFamiliar cultural groupings and methods of choosing leadership gave way to the more abstract principles of American democracy, which [view] people as interchangeable and communities as geographical marks on a map
no DOI — not checkedat 15; see also Julie Ann Fishel, United States Called to Task on Indigenous Rights: The Western Shoshone Struggle and Success at the International Level
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no DOI — not checkedHistoric Timeline" hyperlink under the "History" subheading) (last visited
no DOI — not checkedBand of Choctaw Indians
no DOI — not checkedDocuments of Governance" hyperlink under "Government" subhead)
no DOI — not checkedMore specifically, the programs involved the creation of the Choctaw Community Action Agency to construct houses, utilities, and offices and the Choctaw Housing Authority to construct and renovate reservation housing. Id. The tribe also organized the Chahta Development Company, which provided employment and job training for its members through government and private construction contracts
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no DOI — not checkedSelf-Determination As Governing Principle Or Afterthought In Tribal Civil Jurisdiction Jurisprudence?, 68 Mont
no DOI — not checkedThe following year Congress passed Public Law 280, which extended state civil and criminal jurisdiction in California
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no DOI — not checkedAlthough the Choctaw have been greatly affected-both politically and culturally-by their contact with Euro-Americans, the survival of their culture is proof of their perseverance in the face of laws at odds with, or ignorant of, their cultural traditions, values, and beliefs. The Choctaw continue to speak their own language and to practice their own unique cultural traditions. While their culture continues to change, the Choctaw "today are closer to establishing greater control over their own affairs since removal and dissolution of their nation
no DOI — not checkedChief Isaac also made this statement at the Hearings Before the United States Select Comm
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no DOI — not checkedTranscending Frontiers: Indian Child Welfare in the United States, 16 B.C. Third World L
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no DOI — not checkedCollective Rights: The Indian Child Welfare Act, 13 Harv. Women's
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no DOI — not checkedDeprived Child Proceedings and the Impact of the Indian Child Welfare Acts
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no DOI — not checkedIn contrast to dominant mainstream cultural norms of nuclear families and individual rights, the ICWA was designed to protect Native American expansive conceptions of family
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no DOI — not checkedThe Court stated that states did not have the authority to define "domicile" because the intent of Congress, in passing ICWA, had been to halt state actions detrimental to tribal interests. Id. Therefore, it was "most improbable that Congress would have intended to leave the scope of the statute's key jurisdictional provision subject to definition by state courts as a matter of state law
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no DOI — not checkedCourts have also relied on other exceptions, such as using the "best interests" of the child standard
no DOI — not checkedThe Indian Child Welfare Act: In Search of a Federal Forum to Vindicate the Rights of Indian Tribes and Children Against the Vagaries of State Courts
no DOI — not checkedExisting Indian Family" Exception to the Indian Child Welfare Act: The States' Attempt to Slaughter Tribal Interests in Indian Children, 66 La
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no DOI — not checkedSee In re Adoption of Baby Boy L., 643 P.2d 168, 175 (Kan. 1982), overruled by In re
no DOI — not checked2009); see also Angela M. Monguia, Part Four: Rights of Parents: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 14
no DOI — not checkedRather, the tribe opted to collaterally challenge the decision by filing a suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas. The tribe's suit sought to enjoin the adoption of Baby Boy L. Id. The district court dismissed, finding that res judicata and collateral estoppel precluded relitigating the ICWA's applicability. Id. The Tenth Circuit upheld the dismissal, id
no DOI — not checked1990) (holding that Holyfield invalidated prior decision relying on existing Indian family exception and holding that ICWA applied regardless of whether Indian child lived in Indian family)
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no DOI — not checkedApp. 1996) (holding that existing Indian family exception must be applied where child resided with Indian persons court deemed lacked significant political, cultural, or social ties with tribe), superseded by statute
no DOI — not checked678) (West); In re Alexandria Y., 53 Cal. Rptr. 2d 679 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996) (finding that ICWA did not apply to child who had resided only for short time
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no DOI — not checkedApp. 1995); In re Adoption of Crews, 825 P.2d at 310 (finding child was not part of existing Indian family because neither she, nor her family, ever lived on the reservation and there were no ties to any Indian tribe or community)
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no DOI — not checked1064 (Okla. 1985) (holding that ICWA did not apply to Indian child by non-Indian mother when child had not resided with Indian caretaker), superseded by statute
no DOI — not checked1983); see also Monguia, supra note 300
no DOI — not checkedRptr. 2d at 516 (finding that application of ICWA would violate Fifth, Tenth and Fourteenth Amendments if used "to invalidate a voluntary termination of parental rights respecting an Indian child who is not domiciled on a reservation, unless the child's biological [parents] are not only of American Indian descent, but also maintain a significant social, cultural or political relationship with their tribe"), superseded by statute
no DOI — not checked678) (West); In re Baby Boy L., 643 P.2d 168 (Kan. 1999) (stating that ICWA "can serve no purpose which is sufficiently compelling to overcome the child's fundamental right to remain in the home where he or she is loved and well cared for
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no DOI — not checkedHowever, one commentator has pointed out that because of the "unique status of Indian Tribes as self-governing political nations and because the tribal classification is used to remedy proven past discrimination
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no DOI — not checkedKy. 1996) (refusing to apply ICWA where child had lived with her Indian uncle and his non-Indian wife almost her entire life on ground that child had never lived with
no DOI — not checked1992) (finding child was not part of existing Indian family because neither she, nor her family, ever lived on the reservation and there were no ties to any Indian tribe or community)
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no DOI — not checkedInd. 1988); In re Adoption of Baby Boy D., 742 P. 2d 1059, 1064 (Okla. 1987) (holding ICWA inapplicable where child had not resided in Indian family and had non-Indian mother), superseded by statute
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no DOI — not checkedat 49; In re Vincent M
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no DOI — not checked1982); see also Monguia, supra note 300
no DOI — not checked1996) (finding that application of ICWA would violate Fifth, Tenth, and Fourteenth Amendments if used "to invalidate a voluntary termination of parental rights respecting an Indian child who is not domiciled on a reservation, unless the child's biological [parents] are not only of American Indian descent, but also maintain a significant social
no DOI — not checkedIn re Adoption of Crews, 825 P.2d at 310-11 (finding that determination that child meets ICWA's definition of
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no DOI — not checkedFamily Code section 170, which went beyond the earlier statute to codify ICWA into state law, making ICWA's application mandatory under Public Law 280
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no DOI — not checkedUnder section 170, California sought to encourage and protect Indian children's tribal membership and community connection notwithstanding a child's domicile, whether the parental rights have been terminated, or whether the child is in the physical custody of an Indian parent
no DOI — not checkedsee Adlong, supra, at 333. Tribal determinations that a child is a tribal member or eligible for membership is binding on the state court
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no DOI — not checkedApp. 2000) (finding compelling interest in preserving Indian families, protecting tribe's interest in welfare of Indian children, and maintaining of tribal culture furthered by ICWA)
no DOI — not checked1998) (holding ICWA applies when removing Indian child regardless of whether family has significant relationship with Indian community)
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no DOI — not checkedCt. 1993), reversed on other grounds, 657 N.E.2d 935 (Ill. 1995); In re Adoption of Lindsay C
no DOI — not checked2d 651 (Minn. Ct. App. 1985)
no DOI — not checkedExcept as provided for in subsection A of this section, the Oklahoma Indian Child Welfare Act applies to all state voluntary and involuntary child custody court proceedings involving Indian children, regardless of whether or not the children involved are in the physical or legal custody of an
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no DOI — not checkedHard Cases Making Bad Law: The Need for Revision of the Indian Child Welfare Act, 38 Santa Clara L
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no DOI — not checkedOnly one of these amendments has come up for a full vote, and even in that instance, the vote was held only in the Senate. To date, ICWA has never been amended. Kirk Albertson, Applying Twenty-Five Years of Experience: The Iowa Indian Child Welfare Act, 29 Am
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no DOI — not checkedSuch a step is necessary because, in many cases, state courts have refused to accord full faith and credit to tribal court decisions that im
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