Reference health
Development or Decay? How Threats During Formative Moments of State Development Affect Institutional Quality Today
52/52 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-28
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
28 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 52 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1257/aer.91.5.1369
The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation
resolves10.1162/003355302320935025
Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution
resolves10.1016/j.jce.2003.09.003
Why not a political Coase theorem? Social conflict, commitment, and politics
resolves10.1017/s0022381610000204
Foreign Aid Effectiveness and the Strategic Goals of Donor Governments
resolves10.1017/s0020818304582073
Conditioning the Effects of Aid: Cold War Politics, Donor Credibility,
and Democracy in Africa
resolves10.1007/bf01115064
Predatory, developmental, and other apparatuses: A comparative political economy perspective on the Third World state
resolves10.1162/003355305774268165
Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II*
resolves10.1596/1813-9450-2396
Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis
resolves10.1111/j.1468-0343.1995.tb00111.x
INSTITUTIONS AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: CROSS‐COUNTRY TESTS USING ALTERNATIVE INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES
resolves10.1353/sais.1997.0022
Africa on the Move: Attracting Private Capital to a Changing Continent
resolves10.1017/S0022278X0300435X
African military coups d'état, 1956–2001: frequency, trends and distribution
resolves10.3386/w9305
Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic Development
resolves10.1017/s0008423900027372
Patrons, Clients, and Factions: New Dimensions of Conflict Analysis in Africa
The 28 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
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no DOI — not checkedShaping the Political Arena
no DOI — not checkedA Quarter-Century of Promoting Democracy
no DOI — not checkedCorruption and Anti-Corruption Strategies: Issues and Case Issues and Case Studies from Developing Countries
no DOI — not checkedref20
no DOI — not checkedref26
no DOI — not checkedCorruption and the Provision of Health Care and Educational Services
no DOI — not checkedref30
no DOI — not checkedref35
no DOI — not checkedPredation or Production? The Impact of Political, Legal and Social Institutions
no DOI — not checkedPolitical Will in Fighting Corruption
no DOI — not checkedref44
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no DOI — not checkedref53
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no DOI — not checkedref59
no DOI — not checkedThe failure of Anti-Corruption Policies. A Theoretical Mischaracterization of the Problem
no DOI — not checkedref66
no DOI — not checkedref71
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no DOI — not checkedref79
no DOI — not checkedref80
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