Reference health
Sovereigns, Upstream Capital Flows and Global Imbalances
12/12 checkable references clean · checked 2026-09-12
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
10 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 12 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1162/rest.90.2.347
Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? An Empirical Investigation
resolves10.3386/w12718
Financial Versus Monetary Mercantilism-Long-run View of Large International Reserves Hoarding
The 10 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedref11
no DOI — not checkedref14
no DOI — not checkedIMF" are those from the IMF. Average per capita GDP Growth is calculated as the average over 1980-2004 of the annual change of GDP per capita in 2000 U.S. dollars. Countries included are listed in Appendix A. Figure 8: Real Exchange Rate and Reserves in Developing Countries
no DOI — not checkedref16
no DOI — not checkedref17
no DOI — not checkedref18
no DOI — not checkedref19
no DOI — not checkedNet ODA" represents all ODA flows, defined as those flows to developing countries and multilateral institutions provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies
no DOI — not checkedNet concessional PPG ext. debt flows" is average annual total (bilateral and multilateral) concessional PPG debt flows
no DOI — not checkedNet private capital flows (Equity/GDP)" represents the average over 1980-2000 of the net flows of foreign liabilities minus net flows of foreign assets. Net flows of foreign liabilities (assets) are the annual changes in the stocks of FDI and portfolio equity investment liabilities (assets) from LM normalized by the initial GDP
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checked 2026-09-12 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
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