Reference health
Suspicionless DNA Collection from Arrestees Violates the Fourth Amendment, But Easier Expunction of DNA Records Can Help Mitigate the Harm
12/12 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-04
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
34 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 12 checked references that resolve
resolves10.3133/tei8
Preliminary report, trace elements investigations Riceman and adjacent counties, Tenn. [Tennessee]
resolves10.2307/1099991
Tax Bill, Cl. 141, Va. Code 1904, p. 2262, in Regard to Selling Liquor on Sunday, Superseded by Sec. 3804, Va. Code 1904
resolves10.2172/10147981
Hydrologic studies in wells open through large intervals. Annual report, 1992
resolves10.2307/1341879
Criminal Procedure. Witnesses and Jurors. California Enacts Ban on Receipt of Money for Information. Act of September 26, 1994, Ch. 869 (S. B. 1999) & Ch. 870 (A. B. 501), 1994 Cal. Legis. Serv. 3733, 3766 (West) (To Be Codified at Cal. Civ. Code Section 1669.7 and Cal. Penal Code Sections 116.5, 132.5, 1122, 1122.5)
The 34 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedref1
no DOI — not checkedSee also United States v. Mitchell, 652 F
no DOI — not checkedTexas, and Virginia all permitted arrestee DNA collection in 2009. Linda Bartusiak, Plea Bargaining for DNA: Implications on the Right to Privacy, 13 U
no DOI — not checkedref5
no DOI — not checkedref6
no DOI — not checked� 54-102g(a) (2012) and 730 ILL
no DOI — not checkedref8
no DOI — not checkedref11
no DOI — not checkedref13
no DOI — not checkedref14
no DOI — not checkedref17
no DOI — not checkedref18
no DOI — not checkedref19
no DOI — not checkedref20
no DOI — not checkedis one example of a state law that permits collection of DNA from arrestees charged with certain crimes after a magistrate determines that the arrest supported probable cause, but does not require a separate showing of probable cause to collect DNA. See Crook, supra note 37
no DOI — not checkedref22
no DOI — not checkedref23
no DOI — not checkedref24
no DOI — not checkedref25
no DOI — not checkedref26
no DOI — not checkedref27
no DOI — not checkedref28
no DOI — not checkedSince members of law enforcement search CODIS for DNA matches between arrestee DNA and unknown DNA, and the FBI reported over 185,000 matches in CODIS searches between late 1994 and mid-2012, it is reasonable to believe that DNA profiles in CODIS are searched over 10,000 times a year on average
no DOI — not checkedNo. 103-322, 108 Stat. 1796 (relevant part codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. � 14132(a) (2006)) (indicating that Congress authorized the FBI to establish CODIS
no DOI — not checkedSee also A.A. ex rel. B.A. v. Attorney General of New Jersey, 894 A.2d 31
no DOI — not checkedmay be opening the door to the collection and analysis of DNA for crime-solving purposes from the 'many other groups of people who,' under Supreme Court precedent
no DOI — not checkedref34
no DOI — not checkedref35
no DOI — not checkedref37
no DOI — not checkedref39
no DOI — not checkedref40
no DOI — not checkedref41
no DOI — not checkedref44
no DOI — not checkedref47
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-08-04 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
Embed this badge
Both snippets point at the live badge image and link back to this page. The badge re-renders from the daily check, so an embed never goes stale by more than a day of visits.
<a href="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.2261499"><img src="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.2261499/badge.svg" alt="CiteStamped reference-health badge" width="460" height="64"></a>
[](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.2261499)