Reference health
Empire Effect Versus Crowding Out Effect: Shipping Productivity in the North Atlantic from 1764 to 1860
1 of 30 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-27
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
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References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1111/j.1468-0289.1988.tb00453.x
The 29 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1017/s016511530000485x
L.E. Davis and R.A. Huttenback, Mammon and the pursuit of empire; The political economy of British imperialism, 1860–1912. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 1986. 394 pp. Price £ 30.00. ISBN 0521236118.
resolves10.1007/s11138-012-0191-7
The overlooked costs of the permanent war economy: A market process approach
resolves10.1017/s1361491607001979
From the great illusion to the Great War: Military spending behaviour of the Great Powers, 1870-1913
resolves10.1017/s002205070600012x
The Empire Effect: The Determinants of Country Risk in the First Age of Globalization, 1880–1913
resolves10.2307/1912791
Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods
resolves10.1017/s0022050700006641
Ocean Freight Rates and Productivity, 1740–1913: The Primacy of Mechanical Invention Reaffirmed
resolves10.1017/s0022050700047446
Interest Rates and Crowding-Out During Britain's Industrial Revolution
resolves10.1016/s0014-4983(03)00043-3
Freight rates and productivity gains in British tramp shipping 1869–1950
resolves10.1016/j.eeh.2016.05.001
Deskilling and decline in skill premium during the age of sail: Swedish and Finnish seamen, 1751–1913
resolves10.1016/j.eeh.2009.05.007
Fighting the forces of gravity – Seapower and maritime trade between the 18th and 20th centuries
resolves10.2307/2600707
British Hegemony and Major Power War, 1815-1939: An Empirical Test of Gilpin's Model of Hegemonic Governance
resolves10.1093/ereh/hev017
Ship speeds during the Industrial Revolution: East India Company ships, 1770–1828
resolves10.1016/j.eeh.2009.04.005
Roots of growth and productivity change in Dutch shipping industry, 1500–1800
The 7 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedPro Bono Publico? Demand for Military Spending between the World Wars
no DOI — not checkedref13
no DOI — not checkedref15
no DOI — not checkedref17
no DOI — not checked�conomie colonial et �conomie international: le commerce de la vall�e du Saint-Laurent avec l'Espagne, le Portugal, et leurs possessions atlantique (1760-1850)
no DOI — not checkedref30
no DOI — not checkedref32
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