Reference health
Racial Disparity in U.S. Imprisonment Across States and over Time
1 of 31 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-28
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
9 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1093/sf/66.3.699
The 30 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1177/088740349500700102
The Direct and Indirect Effects of Socio-Economic Variables on State Imprisonment Rates
resolves10.1007/s10940-017-9361-x
Erratum to: Racial Disproportionality in U.S. State Prisons: Accounting for the Effects of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Involvement, Arrests, Sentencing, and Time Served
resolves10.1111/jels.12150
Mandatory Minimum Policy Reform and the Sentencing of Crack Cocaine Defendants: An Analysis of the Fair Sentencing Act
resolves10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00662.x
A Unit Root Test Using a Fourier Series to Approximate Smooth Breaks*
resolves10.3386/w18437
The White/Black Educational Gap, Stalled Progress, and the Long Term Consequences of the Emergence of Crack Cocaine Markets
resolves10.1006/ssre.2000.0686
Toward a Political Sociology of Punishment: Politics and Changes in the Incarcerated Population
resolves10.2307/1143517
Racism on Trial: New Evidence to Explain the Racial Composition of Prisons in the United States
resolves10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01178.x
THE IMPACT OF ENHANCED PRISON TERMS FOR FELONIES COMMITTED WITH GUNS*
resolves10.1177/0022427890027001004
Punishment and Social Structure at the State Level: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of 1970 and 1980
resolves10.1086/666384
Northward Migration and the Rise of Racial Disparity in American Incarceration, 1880–1950
resolves10.1177/0011128703258941
The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines on State-Level Sanctions: An Analysis Over Time
resolves10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00283.x
The Politics of Punishment: Evaluating Political Explanations of Incarceration Rates
resolves10.1080/07418821003694759
Policies and Imprisonment: The Impact of Structured Sentencing and Determinate Sentencing on State Incarceration Rates, 1978–2004
resolves10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.02.012
The impact of state sentencing policies on the U.S. prison population
The 9 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedref1
no DOI — not checkedref2
no DOI — not checkedOn the use of the flexible Fourier form in unit roots tests, endogenous breaks, and parameter instability
no DOI — not checkedref29
no DOI — not checkedCracked Justice
no DOI — not checkedThe Effects of the Offender's Race, Ethnicity, and Sex on Federal Sentencing Outcomes in the Guidelines Era
no DOI — not checkedref36
no DOI — not checkedref37
no DOI — not checkedref40
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