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Predicting ‘Who Voted for Brexit’ Through Ecological Analysis – An Example of the Problem of Confounding, and its Resolution

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3114055
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14/14 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-28

Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.

3 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.

The 14 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1093/epolic/eix012
Who voted for Brexit? A comprehensive district-level analysis
resolves10.1111/jcms.12613
Why Leave Won the UK's EU Referendum
resolves10.1111/1467-923x.12285
The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate‐level Analysis of the Result
resolves10.1177/0308518x16665844
Voting out of the European Union: Exploring the geography of Leave
resolves10.1111/j.1538-4632.2004.tb01141.x
Scale, Factor Analyses, and Neighborhood Effects
resolves10.1007/s11135-017-0584-6
Confounding and collinearity in regression analysis: a cautionary tale and an alternative procedure, illustrated by studies of British voting behaviour
resolves10.1080/13562576.2018.1486349
Geographies of Brexit and its aftermath: voting in England at the 2016 referendum and the 2017 general election
resolves10.1093/cjres/rsx027
Immobility and the Brexit vote
resolves10.1136/jech.2010.112565
History of the modern epidemiological concept of confounding
resolves10.1162/daed_a_00443
Referendum vs. Institutionalized Deliberation: What Democratic Theorists Can Learn from the 2016 Brexit Decision
resolves10.1111/j.1538-4632.1970.tb00870.x
On Structuring a Migration Model*
resolves10.1055/s-0031-1298595
Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding
resolves10.1214/12-aos1058
On the definition of a confounder
resolves10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.017
New Findings on Key Factors Influencing the UK’s Referendum on Leaving the EU
The 3 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedThe geography of Brexit -what geography? Modelling and predicting the outcome across 380 local authorities
no DOI — not checkedref9
no DOI — not checkedApplying principal components regression analysis to time series demand estimation
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings, or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.

checked 2026-08-28 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record

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