Reference health
How Do Hub-and-Spoke Cartels Operate? Lessons from Nine Case Studies
1 of 26 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-28
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
13 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.1787/eco_surveys-gbr-2015-graph66-en
The 25 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.08.001
Honest signaling in trust interactions: smiles rated as genuine induce trust and signal higher earning opportunities
resolves10.1257/aer.101.6.2425
Private Monitoring and Communication in Cartels: Explaining Recent Collusive Practices
resolves10.1111/ecoj.12359
What Can the Duration of Discovered Cartels Tell Us About the Duration of All Cartels?
resolves10.1093/joclec/nhx021
THE APPLE E-BOOKS CASE: WHEN IS A VERTICAL CONTRACT A HUB IN A HUB-AND-SPOKE CONSPIRACY?
resolves10.1086/676683
How Do Cartels Use Vertical Restraints? Reflections on Bork’s <i>The Antitrust Paradox</i>
resolves10.5235/174410511797248324
Indirect Information Exchange: The Constituent Elements of Hub and Spoke Collusion
resolves10.4337/clpd.2015.02.08
Indirect information exchanges to hub-and-spoke cartels: enforcement and litigation trends in the United States and Europe
resolves10.1093/jeclap/lpu096
Hub-and-Spoke Conspiracies: the Vertical Expression of a Horizontal Desire?
resolves10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.11.003
We can see inside: Accurate prediction of Prisoner's Dilemma decisions in announced games following a face-to-face interaction
The 13 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedref1
no DOI — not checkedref2
no DOI — not checkedCase CONC-I / O-06/0038 -Coordinated increases in the selling prices of perfumery, hygiene and drugstore products, para. 20. 130 Like with the Paints and Varnishes case in Poland, it is possible that one of the suppliers implemented a hub-and-spoke cartel and, upon learning about its success, other suppliers imitated it by creating their own. 131 The description in Mattioli
no DOI — not checkedref5
no DOI — not checkedref6
no DOI — not checkedThe per se illegality of hub-and-spoke cartels was a� rmed in Toys "R" Us, Inc.,v. Federal Trade Commission, Appellee. No. 98-4107
no DOI — not checkedPolish Antitrust Experience with Hub-and-Spoke Conspiracies
no DOI — not checkedref21
no DOI — not checkedFighting Collusion by Regulating Communication Between Firms
no DOI — not checkedHub-and-Spoke Conspiracies
no DOI — not checkedThe Economics of Hub-and-Spoke Collusion
no DOI — not checkedHub and Spoke Collusion by Embargo
no DOI — not checkedHub and Spoke Practices: Law and Economics of the New Antitrust Frontier
What this badge says. CiteStamped means the CHECKABLE references of this
work were clean at the dated check: each resolved to a known work in a public registry, and none
carried a retraction notice at that time. It says nothing about the quality, findings,
or importance of the work itself, and nothing about references deposited without a DOI.
checked 2026-08-28 — re-checked daily as this page is visited; titles and statuses come from Crossref and DataCite and are not part of the signed record
Embed this badge
Both snippets point at the live badge image and link back to this page. The badge re-renders from the daily check, so an embed never goes stale by more than a day of visits.
<a href="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.3238244"><img src="https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.3238244/badge.svg" alt="CiteStamped reference-health badge" width="460" height="64"></a>
[](https://citestamp.com/citestamped/10.2139/ssrn.3238244)