Reference health
The Truth Limps After: Social Science and Advocacy in Chicago Gun Sentencing
26/26 checkable references clean · checked 2026-08-04
Every reference with a DOI in the deposited reference list resolved to a known work in Crossref or DataCite at the dated check, and none carried a retraction, withdrawal, or removal notice.
47 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
The 26 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00018.x
RACE, ETHNICITY, THREAT AND THE LABELING OF CONVICTED FELONS*
resolves10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00023.x
CONTEXTUAL DISPARITIES IN GUIDELINES DEPARTURES: COURTROOM SOCIAL CONTEXTS, GUIDELINES COMPLIANCE, AND EXTRALEGAL DISPARITIES IN CRIMINAL SENTENCING1
resolves10.1080/0735648x.2014.913494
Court communities in local context: a multilevel analysis of felony sentencing in South Carolina
resolves10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01192.x
Explaining the Great American Crime Decline: A Review of Blumstein and Wallman, Goldberger and Rosenfeld, and Zimring
resolves10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons*
resolves10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.12.pfor1-0612
How Has the Global Fund Affected the Fight against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria?
resolves10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0955-2016009
Statements on Bill C-14, Canada’s Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Legislation
resolves10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2015-0142-015
States Should Think Twice Before Refusing Any Response to EPA’s Clean Power Rules
The 47 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedSocial Context and Racial Disparities in Punishment Decisions
no DOI — not checkedref6
no DOI — not checkedDescribing the information gap between prosecutors and judges
no DOI — not checkedref9
no DOI — not checked?in both the state and federal systems, the power to determine the terms of the plea bargain is, as a practical matter, lodged largely in the prosecutor, with the defense counsel having little say and the judge even less
no DOI — not checkedref13
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no DOI — not checkedref17
no DOI — not checkedRacial Inequality and Racially Disaggregated Homicide Rates: An Assessment of Alternative Theoretical Explanations
no DOI — not checkedThese statistics were measured after an agreement between the ACLU and the Chicago Police Department designed to decrease racial discrimination in police stops; the disparity at the time of our analysis may have been even higher
no DOI — not checkedCumulative Disadvantage: Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Prosecution and Sentencing
no DOI — not checkedMany studies have found that pretrial detention (failing to make bail) increases the likelihood of receiving a carceral sentence and the length of that sentence
no DOI — not checkedref25
no DOI — not checkedStructural Covariates of Homicide Rates: Are There Any Invariances Across Time and Social Space?, 95 AM
no DOI — not checkedref28
no DOI — not checkedFurthering the Integration of Routine Activity and Social Disorganization
no DOI — not checkedref30
no DOI — not checkedFamily Disruption, And Urban Black Violence: Cities as Units of Stratification and Social Control
no DOI — not checkedFor studies using residential stability, see Paul E. Bellair, Informal Surveillance and Street Crime: A Complex Relationship
no DOI — not checkedref34
no DOI — not checkedFor examples of survey questions used to measure social efficacy, see Christopher R. Browning et. al, The Paradox of Social Organization: Networks, Collective Efficacy, and Violent Crime in Urban Neighborhoods
no DOI — not checkedref37
no DOI — not checkedFor an explanation of each sentencing outcome, see Probation for Adults
no DOI — not checkedref40
no DOI — not checkedref41
no DOI — not checkedNew York Puerto Rican drug dealers
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no DOI — not checkedCharged With Murder in 11-Year-Old Girl's Shooting Death
no DOI — not checkedwatch?v=D5ML2IJmgIQ. language of deterrence and message-sending, stating
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