Reference health
COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Leading Sex-based Differences in Patient Outcomes
1 of 50 checkable references need attention · checked 2026-08-29
At the dated check, the references listed below either did not resolve in Crossref or DataCite, or carried a retraction notice. Each one is shown with the registry record that put it there.
27 without a DOI — not checked. A reference deposited without a DOI is never matched by title or guessed at; it stays outside the checked set, and this line discloses that.
References needing attention
does not resolve to a known work10.26434/chemrxiv.12827966
The 49 checked references that resolve
resolves10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3
Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes
resolves10.4049/jimmunol.1601896
Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection
resolves10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8
Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes
resolves10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.003
Implications of Sex Differences in Immunity for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Design of Therapeutic Interventions
resolves10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_1
Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Infection: An Evolutionary Perspective
resolves10.1101/2020.03.24.20042903
COVID-19 clinical characteristics, and sex-specific risk of mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
resolves10.3389/fmed.2020.00459
COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics, and Sex-Specific Risk of Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor
resolves10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102907
SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2: The biology and clinical data settling the ARB and ACEI controversy
resolves10.3390/cells9040920
scRNA-seq Profiling of Human Testes Reveals the Presence of the ACE2 Receptor, A Target for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli Cells
resolves10.1111/jcmm.15541
The <i>ACE2</i> expression in Sertoli cells and germ cells may cause male reproductive disorder after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
resolves10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.479
Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N = 4532)
resolves10.1186/s40246-018-0185-z
The X chromosome and sex-specific effects in infectious disease susceptibility
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035
SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues
resolves10.1186/s12916-020-01673-z
New insights into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: an ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphism analysis
resolves10.1073/pnas.1805268115
Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice
resolves10.1038/mi.2017.35
Progesterone-based compounds affect immune responses and susceptibility to infections at diverse mucosal sites
resolves10.3389/fimmu.2020.02147
What’s Sex Got to Do With COVID-19? Gender-Based Differences in the Host Immune Response to Coronaviruses
resolves10.3389/fimmu.2017.01224
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Type I Interferons—Where Sex Makes a Difference
resolves10.1371/journal.ppat.1002710
CD200 Receptor Controls Sex-Specific TLR7 Responses to Viral Infection
resolves10.1128/jvi.03607-14
High Secretion of Interferons by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells upon Recognition of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
resolves10.3390/ijms17050678
SARS Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease Inhibits the TLR7 Signaling Pathway through Removing Lys63-Linked Polyubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6
resolves10.1038/nm1001
Pegylated interferon-α protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques
resolves10.1101/2020.04.02.022764
Potent Antiviral Activities of Type I Interferons to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
resolves10.1093/infdis/jit262
Higher Expression of Several Interferon-Stimulated Genes in HIV-1-Infected Females After Adjusting for the Level of Viral Replication
resolves10.1038/nm.2004
Sex differences in the Toll-like receptor–mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1
resolves10.1182/blood-2011-08-371831
The TLR-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells is positively regulated by estradiol in vivo through cell-intrinsic estrogen receptor α signaling
resolves10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026
Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19
resolves10.1093/cid/ciaa410
Comparative Replication and Immune Activation Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in Human Lungs: An Ex Vivo Study With Implications for the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
resolves10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.017
Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients
resolves10.1136/bmj.m1443
Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study
resolves10.1093/cid/ciaa351
Factors Associated With Prolonged Viral RNA Shedding in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
resolves10.1038/s41577-020-0301-x
Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity
resolves10.1164/rccm.202003-0821oc
COVID-19–related Genes in Sputum Cells in Asthma. Relationship to Demographic Features and Corticosteroids
resolves10.4049/jimmunol.1800293
Testosterone Decreases House Dust Mite–Induced Type 2 and IL-17A–Mediated Airway Inflammation
resolves10.3389/fimmu.2019.02740
ERα Signaling Increased IL-17A Production in Th17 Cells by Upregulating IL-23R Expression, Mitochondrial Respiration, and Proliferation
resolves10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.046
Estrogen and progesterone decrease let-7f microRNA expression and increase IL-23/IL-23 receptor signaling and IL-17A production in patients with severe asthma
resolves10.1038/nature16460
Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration
resolves10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.007
IL-22 Is Essential for Lung Epithelial Repair following Influenza Infection
resolves10.1126/science.abd4585
Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19
resolves10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.091
Is there a difference in the immune response, efficacy, effectiveness and safety of seasonal influenza vaccine in males and females? – A systematic review
resolves10.1186/2042-6410-4-10
Sex differences matter in the gut: effect on mucosal immune activation and inflammation
resolves10.1016/j.resmic.2019.03.003
Serum level of sex steroid hormone is associated with diversity and profiles of human gut microbiome
resolves10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.06.025
Estrogen–gut microbiome axis: Physiological and clinical implications
The 27 references without a DOI — listed, not checked
no DOI — not checkedref5
no DOI — not checkedGut microbiota and Covid-19-possible link and implications
no DOI — not checkedGender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality
no DOI — not checkedref14
no DOI — not checkedSex differences in immune responses
no DOI — not checkedref23
no DOI — not checkedref24
no DOI — not checkedRudensky AY. Regulatory T cells and Foxp3
no DOI — not checkedLandscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues
no DOI — not checkedref28
no DOI — not checkedref29
no DOI — not checkedref30
no DOI — not checkedComparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARSCoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations
no DOI — not checkedExtracellular MicroRNAs Induce Potent Innate Immune Responses via TLR7/MyD88-Dependent Mechanisms
no DOI — not checkedmicroRNAs as new possible actors in gender disparities of Covid-19 pandemic
no DOI — not checkedSex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course
no DOI — not checked42. van der Made CI, Simons A, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers J, et al. Presence of Genetic Variants Among Young Men With Severe COVID-19
no DOI — not checkedAntiviral activities of type I interferons to SARS-CoV-2 infection
no DOI — not checkedTissue signals imprint ILC2 identity with anticipatory function
no DOI — not checkedref63
no DOI — not checkedref66
no DOI — not checkedIs there a difference in the immune response, efficacy, effectiveness and safety of seasonal influenza vaccine in males and females? -A systematic review
no DOI — not checkedref73
no DOI — not checkedref74
no DOI — not checkedEstrogen-gut microbiome axis: Physiological and clinical implications
no DOI — not checkedRelevance of SARS-CoV-2 related factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions in gastrointestinal tissue with pathogenesis of digestive symptoms, diabetes-associated mortality, and disease recurrence in COVID-19 patients
no DOI — not checkedA meta-analysis of the association between gender and protective behaviors in response to respiratory epidemics and pandemics
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