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Measuring Innocence: How to Think About the Rate of Wrongful Convictions
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no DOI — not checkedStudying Innocence: Advancing Methods and Data
no DOI — not checkedMost academic studies of actual innocence evaluate these contributing factors and are found across psychology and other social sciences (e.g., criminology, sociology), law, and forensic science. The wrongful conviction literature is vast and diverse; for example, specialists count the number of research articles related to eyewitness identification in the thousands
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no DOI — not checkedAssessing Compensation Statutes for the Wrongly Convicted
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no DOI — not checkedpolitics influencing state policies related to wrongful convictions, see
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no DOI — not checkedThe Myth of Innocence, 95
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no DOI — not checkedGross's liberal credentials include work as a criminal defense attorney in San Francisco; an attorney with the United Farm Workers Union in California and the Wounded Knee Legal Defense Committee in Nebraska and South Dakota; a cooperating attorney with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc
no DOI — not checkedThe Risks of Death: Why Erroneous Convictions are Common in Capital Cases
no DOI — not checkedLost Lives: Miscarriages of Justice in Capital Cases
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no DOI — not checkedProtecting the Innocent from False Confessions and Lost Confessions-and from Miranda
no DOI — not checkedThe Guilty and the 'Innocent': An Examination of Alleged Cases of Wrongful Conviction from False Confessions, 22 HARV
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no DOI — not checkedEditorial: All in the Family: Systematic Reviews, Rapid Reviews, Scoping Reviews, Realist Reviews, and More, 4 SYSTEMATIC REV
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no DOI — not checkedPsychological Impact of Being Wrongfully Accused of Criminal Offences: A Systematic Literature Review
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no DOI — not checkedRate of False Conviction of Criminal Defendants Who Are Sentenced to Death, 111 PROC. NAT'L ACAD
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no DOI — not checkedExecuting the Innocent, 3 ALA
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no DOI — not checkedThis finding is based on an estimate of jury verdicts being
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no DOI — not checked) the overall ratio of wrongful convictions resulting from trial versus plea. 147 Cassell applied numbers to these component parts based not on solid empirical data, but rather on minimalist assumptions that are in line with his innocence skepticism. He reduced Allan and Laudan's 5 percent trial error rate to 0.5 percent, based on circuitous reasoning that includes the "backing out of cases" in 2018 because of system improvements generated by DNA profiling. 148 For the ratio of wrongful convictions in guilty pleas versus trials, Cassell relied on available data from the NRE. At the time of his writing, 17% of NRE cases involved a plea conviction. Recognizing that the NRE figure might undercount the known ratio, he took a "conservative approach" and "increase[d] the 17% figure to 20% to guard against the possibility of underrepresentation
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no DOI — not checkedInterestingly, the same language has been used in regard to wrongful convictions, with scholars noting the "dark figure of innocence
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no DOI — not checkedThe Development and Impact of Self-Report Measures on Crime and Delinquency, 26
no DOI — not checkedComparing Delinquency Careers in Court Records and Self-Reports
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no DOI — not checkedOne-Hundred Years Later: Wrongful Convictions After a Century of Research
no DOI — not checkedHow Justice System Officials View Wrongful Convictions, 57 CRIME & DELINQ
no DOI — not checkedPerceptions and Estimates of Error Rates in Forensic Science: A Survey of Forensic Analysts
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no DOI — not checkedMore than Zero: Accounting for Error in Latent Fingerprint Identification, 97
no DOI — not checkedFlaws Exposed in California County's Courts
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no DOI — not checkedSimilarly, a 2019 PEW study found that only 2% of federal criminal defendants go to trial, John Gramlich, Only 2% of federal criminal defendants go to trial, and most who do are found guilty
no DOI — not checkedFor example, a recent report found that as of 2019, pleas accounted for 96% of felony convictions and 99% of misdemeanor convictions
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no DOI — not checkedAn asserted empirical basis for an "innocence effect" by Gazal-Ayal and Tor assumes the existence of innocent defendants' pleas and is not informative of the magnitude of that effect, only that guilty plea rates are likely lower for innocent than for guilty defendants
no DOI — not checked2019); see also, Stephanos Bibas, Plea Bargaining's Role in Wrongful Convictions
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no DOI — not checkedAlford Pleas in the Age of Innocence
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no DOI — not checkedNational Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
no DOI — not checkedsupervision in the United States. 259 And this is to say nothing of the numbers of new wrongful convictions each year, the effects of such errors on those affected and others around them, 260 or the harm generated by the failure to capture the true perpetrators. 261 Ultimately, it is beyond dispute that wrongful convictions occur, and that their consequences are widespread and severe. And so long as the innocence movement continues to grow and the stories of the wrongly convicted reach policymakers, practitioners, and the public, the momentum is likely to continue, regardless of the specific rate of error
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